Animal tissues, organs, organ systems Flashcards by Irtaza Hasan

Epithelial Tissues

Lines the surfaces of the body

Made of cells with strong connections between adjoining cell membranes to form barrier

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Muscle Tissues

Designed to change their shape

Act by shortening or lengthening

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Nervous Tissues

Made of nuerons (have finger-like projections to recieve + transfer signals)
Coordinates body actions

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Connective Tissues

Strengthens, supports, protects, binds or connects cells + tissues
Consists of cells in an extracellular matrix that can range from a liquid (blood), to elastic materials that can stretch (in ligaments), to mineral deposits (in bone).

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Factors that influence cell specialization (in animals)

Contents of cytoplasm
Influence of neighboring cells
Environmental conditions

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Effect of neighboring cells in cell specialization

When cells are close to each other, the substances produced by one cell can diffuse through the other cell’s membrane. These substances can change how info in the DNA of the second cell gets expressed.
(one of the highest influence on what the cell will become)

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Effect of contents of cytoplasm in cell specialization

The cell may need more/less organelles that give them (energy, storage etc.) to carry on their function decided by the nucleus.

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Effect of environmental conditions in cell specialization

Temperature and the absence/presence of some nutrients affect cell specialization.

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4 main types of tissues

Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective

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Circulatory System

Transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes

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Digestive System

Takes in food and breaks it down; absorbs nutrients and eliminates solid waste from the body

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Respiratory System

Controls breathing; exchanges gases in lungs

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Excretory System

Removes liquid wastes from the body

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Immune System

Defends body against infections

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Mascular System

Works with bones to move parts of body

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Endocrine System

Manufactures and releases hormones that act, along with the nervous system, to keep various body systems in balance

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Reproductive System

Produces offspring

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Integumentary System

Creates waterproof barrier around body; Includes skin, hair and nails

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Nervous System

Detects changes in the environment and signals these changes to body, which then responds

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Skeletal System

Supports, protects and works with muscles to move parts of body

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Circulatory system functions

Carried nutrients + waste away
Transports gases (CO2 and O2)
Transports hormones
Regulates temperature 
Transports Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes.

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Content a of cardiovascular system

Blood (fluid)
Heart
Vessels

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Blood in average adult

4-6 L

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Plasma

55%
Yellow colored liquid
92% water
8% proteins + solutes

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Plasma function

Transports Gases Nutrients + wastes Hormones, antibodies, enzymes

Erythrocytes

45% Biconcave- shape, disk shaped NO nucleus Made in bone marrow

Erythrocytes Function

Carried hemoglobin | Transports Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Hemoglobin

Iron protein that bonds with oxygen

Leukocytes

Made in bone marrow Colorless 5 types

Leukocytes function

Destroy microorganisms | Prevent infection

Thrombocytes

Tiny, colorless fragments of cells | Delicate and rupture

Thrombocytes Function

Coagulation

Blood clotting

What happens when you get a cut

It is a trauma that rushes Thrombocytes to the site to clot the area and form a mesh

2 pathways of heart

Pulmonary circuit | Systemic circuit

Pathway for air to enter lungs

Mouth/nose —>Pharynx —> Larynx —> Trachea —> Lungs [Bronchi —>Bronchioles —> Alveoli —> Capillaries (blood)]

Breathing (ventilation)

Automatic response. | Mechanical process which moves air into + outside of lungs

2 parts of breathing

Inhalation (inspiration) | Exhalation (Expiration)

Inhalation

Air is drawn into lungs Rib cage moves up and out Pressure in lungs decreased + air comes in Diaphragm contracts and moves down

Exhalation

Air is expelled from the lungs Rib cage moves down and in Diaphragm relaxes and moves up Pressure on lungs increases + air pushed out

Parts of respiratory system

``` Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Diaphragm ```

Nasal cavity

Cleans, warms, moistens air | Detects smell

Pharynx

Common passage for air and food

Trachea

Passageway for air

Cartilage rings

Support trachea from collapsing

Cilia + Mucus

Trap small particles and sweep them upwards to be coughed out or swallowed

Bronchi/ Bronchial tubes

Tubes that carry air to bronchioles

Bronchioles

Narrow tubes that carry air to alveoli | Inside lungs

Alveoli (sing. Alveolus)

Gas exchange with capillaries

Lungs

Left lung- narrower than right lung + has 2 lobs | Right lung - Shorter then left, has lobes

Diaphragm

Separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity

Larynx

AKA Vocal cords | vibrate as air passes to make a sound

Pulmonary circuit

Pathways of vessels that move blood from heart —> lungs —> heart. Oxygen picked up from lungs + Carbon Dioxide gets removed

Systemic Circuit

Pathway of vessels that move blood from heart —> body —> heart. Oxygen delivered to cells + Carbon Dioxide is removed

Artia

Receive blood

Ventricles

Pump blood out

Septum

Muscular wall that separates 2 sides of the heart

Right and left side of the heart

Right : Oxygen POOR blood | Left: Oxygen RICH blood (left walls are more muscular because blood has to be squeezed into aorta)

4 Valves in heart

Bicuspid/Mitral + Tricuspid Valves Aortic + Pulmonary Valves Help keep blood flowing in 1 direction

Bicuspid/Mitral + Tricuspid Valves

Control blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.

Aortic + Pulmonary Valves

Control blood flow out of the ventricles.

4 Chambers in heart

Right Atrium + Ventricle | Left Atrium + Ventricle

Arteries function

Receive Oxygen blood from heart at high pressure | Deliver oxygen to body cells

Capillaries function

Exchange oxygen, CO2, nutrients between blood and body cells

Veins Function

Receive CO2 blood from body cells under low pressure | Deliver CO2 back to heart

Thickness of each blood vessel

Arteries: Thick stretchable walls Capillaries: One cell think (for diffusion of gases) Veins: Thinner than arteries (DON'T STRETCH)

Vessel that has valves

Veins

Vessel that can make you feel a pulse

Arteries

Blood pressure in capillaries

Moderate

How does blood get back to the heart

1. One-Way valves in veins: Prevent low pressure blood from flowing backwards 2. Contracting Muscles: Muscles that help force blood through valves

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Occurs when cells make ATP by taking in O2 and glucose. | Glucose + 02 --> CO2 + H20 + Energy