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Biology > Animal tissues, organs, organ systems > Flashcards

Animal tissues, organs, organ systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Lines the surfaces of the body

Made of cells with strong connections between adjoining cell membranes to form barrier

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2
Q

Muscle Tissues

A

Designed to change their shape

Act by shortening or lengthening

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3
Q

Nervous Tissues

A

Made of nuerons (have finger-like projections to recieve + transfer signals)
Coordinates body actions

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4
Q

Connective Tissues

A

Strengthens, supports, protects, binds or connects cells + tissues
Consists of cells in an extracellular matrix that can range from a liquid (blood), to elastic materials that can stretch (in ligaments), to mineral deposits (in bone).

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5
Q

Factors that influence cell specialization (in animals)

A

Contents of cytoplasm
Influence of neighboring cells
Environmental conditions

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6
Q

Effect of neighboring cells in cell specialization

A

When cells are close to each other, the substances produced by one cell can diffuse through the other cell’s membrane. These substances can change how info in the DNA of the second cell gets expressed.
(one of the highest influence on what the cell will become)

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7
Q

Effect of contents of cytoplasm in cell specialization

A

The cell may need more/less organelles that give them (energy, storage etc.) to carry on their function decided by the nucleus.

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8
Q

Effect of environmental conditions in cell specialization

A

Temperature and the absence/presence of some nutrients affect cell specialization.

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9
Q

4 main types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective

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10
Q

Circulatory System

A

Transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes

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11
Q

Digestive System

A

Takes in food and breaks it down; absorbs nutrients and eliminates solid waste from the body

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12
Q

Respiratory System

A

Controls breathing; exchanges gases in lungs

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13
Q

Excretory System

A

Removes liquid wastes from the body

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14
Q

Immune System

A

Defends body against infections

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15
Q

Mascular System

A

Works with bones to move parts of body

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16
Q

Endocrine System

A

Manufactures and releases hormones that act, along with the nervous system, to keep various body systems in balance

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17
Q

Reproductive System

A

Produces offspring

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18
Q

Integumentary System

A

Creates waterproof barrier around body; Includes skin, hair and nails

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19
Q

Nervous System

A

Detects changes in the environment and signals these changes to body, which then responds

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20
Q

Skeletal System

A

Supports, protects and works with muscles to move parts of body

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21
Q

Circulatory system functions

A 
Carried nutrients + waste away
Transports gases (CO2 and O2)
Transports hormones
Regulates temperature 
Transports Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes.
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22
Q

Content a of cardiovascular system

A

Blood (fluid)
Heart
Vessels

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23
Q

Blood in average adult

A

4-6 L

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24
Q

Plasma

A

55%
Yellow colored liquid
92% water
8% proteins + solutes

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25
Q

Plasma function

A

Transports
Gases
Nutrients + wastes
Hormones, antibodies, enzymes

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26
Q

Erythrocytes

A

45%
Biconcave- shape, disk shaped
NO nucleus
Made in bone marrow

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27
Q

Erythrocytes Function

A

Carried hemoglobin

Transports Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

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28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron protein that bonds with oxygen

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29
Q

Leukocytes

A

Made in bone marrow
Colorless
5 types

30
Q

Leukocytes function

A

Destroy microorganisms

Prevent infection

31
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Tiny, colorless fragments of cells

Delicate and rupture

32
Q

Thrombocytes Function

A

Coagulation

33
Q

Coagulation

A

Blood clotting

34
Q

What happens when you get a cut

A

It is a trauma that rushes Thrombocytes to the site to clot the area and form a mesh

35
Q

2 pathways of heart

A

Pulmonary circuit

Systemic circuit

36
Q

Pathway for air to enter lungs

A

Mouth/nose —>Pharynx —> Larynx —> Trachea —> Lungs [Bronchi —>Bronchioles —> Alveoli —> Capillaries (blood)]

37
Q

Breathing (ventilation)

A

Automatic response.

Mechanical process which moves air into + outside of lungs

38
Q

2 parts of breathing

A

Inhalation (inspiration)

Exhalation (Expiration)

39
Q

Inhalation

A

Air is drawn into lungs
Rib cage moves up and out
Pressure in lungs decreased + air comes in
Diaphragm contracts and moves down

40
Q

Exhalation

A

Air is expelled from the lungs
Rib cage moves down and in
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Pressure on lungs increases + air pushed out

41
Q

Parts of respiratory system

A 
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Diaphragm
42
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Cleans, warms, moistens air

Detects smell

43
Q

Pharynx

A

Common passage for air and food

44
Q

Trachea

A

Passageway for air

45
Q

Cartilage rings

A

Support trachea from collapsing

46
Q

Cilia + Mucus

A

Trap small particles and sweep them upwards to be coughed out or swallowed

47
Q

Bronchi/ Bronchial tubes

A

Tubes that carry air to bronchioles

48
Q

Bronchioles

A

Narrow tubes that carry air to alveoli

Inside lungs

49
Q

Alveoli (sing. Alveolus)

A

Gas exchange with capillaries

50
Q

Lungs

A

Left lung- narrower than right lung + has 2 lobs

Right lung - Shorter then left, has lobes

51
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity

52
Q

Larynx

A

AKA Vocal cords

vibrate as air passes to make a sound

53
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Pathways of vessels that move blood from heart —> lungs —> heart.
Oxygen picked up from lungs + Carbon Dioxide gets removed

54
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Pathway of vessels that move blood from heart —> body —> heart.
Oxygen delivered to cells + Carbon Dioxide is removed

55
Q

Artia

A

Receive blood

56
Q

Ventricles

A

Pump blood out

57
Q

Septum

A

Muscular wall that separates 2 sides of the heart

58
Q

Right and left side of the heart

A

Right : Oxygen POOR blood

Left: Oxygen RICH blood (left walls are more muscular because blood has to be squeezed into aorta)

59
Q

4 Valves in heart

A

Bicuspid/Mitral + Tricuspid Valves
Aortic + Pulmonary Valves
Help keep blood flowing in 1 direction

60
Q

Bicuspid/Mitral + Tricuspid Valves

A

Control blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.

61
Q

Aortic + Pulmonary Valves

A

Control blood flow out of the ventricles.

62
Q

4 Chambers in heart

A

Right Atrium + Ventricle

Left Atrium + Ventricle

63
Q

Arteries function

A

Receive Oxygen blood from heart at high pressure

Deliver oxygen to body cells

64
Q

Capillaries function

A

Exchange oxygen, CO2, nutrients between blood and body cells

65
Q

Veins Function

A

Receive CO2 blood from body cells under low pressure

Deliver CO2 back to heart

66
Q

Thickness of each blood vessel

A

Arteries: Thick stretchable walls
Capillaries: One cell think (for diffusion of gases)
Veins: Thinner than arteries (DON’T STRETCH)

67
Q

Vessel that has valves

A

Veins

68
Q

Vessel that can make you feel a pulse

A

Arteries

69
Q

Blood pressure in capillaries

A

Moderate

70
Q

How does blood get back to the heart

A
  1. One-Way valves in veins: Prevent low pressure blood from flowing backwards
  2. Contracting Muscles: Muscles that help force blood through valves
71
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A

Occurs when cells make ATP by taking in O2 and glucose.

Glucose + 02 –> CO2 + H20 + Energy

Biology (10 decks)

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