Animal Science Flashcards
transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory
(blood, or lymph) system.
Absorption
generally characterized by a short and often severe course.
ACUTE
average daily gain
ADG
a term usually applied to microorganisms that require oxygen to
live and reproduce.
Aerobic organism
– is the placenta and allied membrane with which the fetus is connected. It
is expelled from the uterus following parturition.
After birth
a failure to secrete milk following parturition.
Agalactia
congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
Albinism
any substance that gives rise to the formation of antibodies and the resultant
allergic reaction also called an antigen.
Allergen
a severe reaction that occurs in some individual following introduction of
antigens into their bodies.
Allergy
– productivity/ synthesis of complex materials of living tissue.
Anabolic
any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by
living cells into more complex compounds
Anabolism
a microorganism that normally does not require oxygen to live
and reproduce.
Anaerobic organism
- is the art and science of the genetic improvement of farm animals.
Animal breeding
lack or loss of appetite for food
Anorexia
a serum that contains an antibody or antibodies; it gives temporary
protection against certain infectious diseases.
Antiserum
a form of reproduction which does not require the sex organ
to facilitate the perpetuation of the species
Asexual reproduction
pertaining to all species of birds, including domestic fowl
Avian
the crossing of an F1 generation hybrid with one of the parental types
(breed). The offspring are referred to as the backcross generation
Backcross
capable of destroying/ killing bacteria.
Bactericidal
retardation of the life processes of bacteria without killing them.
Bacteriostasis
- a female dog
Bitch
a disorder of ruminants usually characterized by an accumulation of gas in the
rumen.
Bloat
the general or physical traits of an animal; its shape and
arrangement of parts
Body Conformation
to eliminate undesirable characteristics
Breed out
to have the ability to transmit a characteristic uniformly to offspring.
Breed true
a particular type or form characterizing a breed. It includes special breed
features in head, ears, color, or other traits common to a particular breed.
Breed type
a group of baby chickens.
Brood
an animal reserved for breeding and raising of young
Brood animal
desire of birds to set in a nest on eggs for the purpose of hatching. It is the
natural behavior for hatching and rearing young.
Broodiness
a castrated bull, English term for a finished or fat steer.
Bullock
- is a hormone that lowers calcium level in the blood, thus,
has an opposite effect to that of parathormone, which increases calcium level in the blood.
Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin
- calves produce by a herd of cattle in one season
Calf crop
the illumination of the egg interior by holding the egg before a light to determine
the presence of developing chick embryo
Candling
a habit of some fowls of picking at or eating other fowls.
Cannibalism
- the body of dead animal - the whole trunk of a slaughter animal.
Carcass
metabolic process by which complex substances are converted by living cells
into more simple compounds
Catabolism
genes that interact, which when both are present, a new or novel
trait appears.
Complementary genes
the fertilization of the ovum. The action of conceiving or becoming pregnant
Conception
involves direct contact of the animal with a part of its environment, where
thermal energy is transferred from one molecule to a neighboring molecule
Conduction
that which are acquired during prenatal life. It exists at or dates from birth.
- Congenital
transmissible by direct or indirect contact.
Contagious
heat is transferred to or from the animal by the movement of heated air
“particles”; it is the process by which actual mass motion of heated gas (or liquid) transfers
heat from one place to another.
Convection
- a system of feeding young animals prior to weaning.
Creep feeding
composed of true proteins and nitrogenous products;
Crude protein
Crude protein=
Crude protein = % N x 6.25.
a regurgitated food from the rumen of ruminants back to the mouth for further
chewing and reinsalivation
Cud
the process of eliminating non-profitable or non-productive or undesirable
individuals
Culling
stillborn
Deadborn
the evacuation of fecal material from the rectum.
Defecation
- the act of swallowing
Deglutition
to remove the horns from cattle, sheep, and goat or to treat young animals so the
horn will not develop.
Dehorn
- involves the movement of the basic units from areas of high concentration (the
GI tract) to area of lower concentration (the blood)
Diffusion
- breakdown of feed particles into suitable products for absorption; may include
mechanical forces, chemical action, and enzyme activity
Digestion
a relatively small area in which cattle are confined indefinitely as opposed to being
allowed to have free access to pasture
Drylot
- abnormal or difficult labor during parturition.
Dystocia
a wasted condition of the body.
Emaciation
is a technique wherein a young embryo is collected from a donor female
parent and then implanted into the uterus of a recipient female parent
Embryo Transfer
pertaining to glands that produce secretions that pass directly into the blood
instead of into a duct (hormones are secreted by endocrine glands).
Endocrine
– glands that secrete chemical mediators called hormones that regulate
growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, stress responses, body and tissue fluid,
and electrolyte balance. Thus, the endocrine system would enable the animal to adjust to changes on its environment, and endocrinology deals largely with this phase of
environmental adjustments.
Endocrine Glands
is defined as a branch of physiology dealing with the coordination of
various body tissues by chemical mediators (hormone) produced by restricted areas of the
body (endocrine gland) and transported through the circulatory system to the organ or tissue
on which they exert their effects.
Endocrinology
- internally produced in the body.
Endogenous
- internal animal parasites.
Entozoa
- a complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes in other
substances within the body without being changed itself (organic catalyst).
Enzymes
designating a widely diffused disease of animals, which spreads rapidly and
affects many individual of a kind concurrently in any region, thus corresponds to an epidemic
in man.
Epizootic
those amino acids which are essential to the animal and must be
supplied in the diet because the animal cannot synthesize them at sufficient amount to meet
its requirement
Essential amino acid
Essential amino acid:
- phenylalanine 6. methionine
- valine 7. histidine
- threonine 8. arginine
- tryptophan 9. leucine
- isoleucine 10. lysine
impregnation or fertilization
Fecundation
the ability of the individual to produce eggs or sperms regularly
Fecundity
roughage of high feeding value.
Forage
may be defined as a segment of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which determines
the base sequence of nucleotide in the messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) that makes up
the code for a certain biological function.
Gene
the period from conception to birth of the young.
Gestation
-domestic animals produced by crossbreeding, wherein one of the parents is of
purebred stock (usually the sire) and the other parent, an ordinary stock
Grade
the continued use of pure breed sires on grade dams.
Grading up
low moisture silage (35-55% moisture)
Haylage
the circumference of the body of an animal behind the shoulders.
Heartgirth
animals that subsist on grasses and herbs.
Herbivorous
a group of animals of a single kind kept together for a specific use.
Herd
is the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal
environment of the body.
Homeostasis
animals whose body temperature is largely
independent of that of the environment.
Homeotherms or warm-blooded animals
is defined as a substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine
glands and carried by the blood to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effect.
Hormone
the power of an animal to resist and/ or overcome an infection to which most of
many of its species are susceptible.
Immunity - the power of an animal to resist and/ or overcome an infection to which most of
many of its s
to render an animal resistant to disease by vaccination.
Immunize
the process of producing and secreting milk in order to nourish the young.
Lactation
the expulsion of egg outside of the reproductive tract in birds
Laying or oviposition
is the hormone that causes ovulation of matured follicles
Luteinizing Hormone
he pigs farrowed by a sow or the pups whelped by a bitch at one delivery period;
also the accumulation of materials used for bedding of farm animals
Litter
alfalfa, a legume of high feeding value for ruminants.
Lucerne
the larvae of a fly.
Maggot
the chewing of food
Mastication
- the inflammation of the udder or mammary gland.
Mastitis
combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body with the
liberation of energy. it involves all the chemical reactions performed by the cells to
use the basic units of the nutrients for their specific functions i.e. glucose for energy or
amino acids for protein synthesis.
Metabolism
a process by which the germinal cells divide to produce haploid cells each carrying
only one-half of the genetic complement of the individual.
Meiosis
- an inflammation of the uterus
Metritis
- is a process in which individuals from one population transfer to another
population.
Migration
normally present at greater level in animal body or needed in relatively
large amounts in the diet. Include Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
Macro minerals
normally present at low levels in animal body or needed in very small
amount in the diet. Include Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se, and are toxic at large
quantities.
Trace minerals
the shedding and replacing of feathers.
Molt
animal of mixed or unknown breeding.
Mongrel
- is a process by which the female animal is induced to simultaneously
ovulate more eggs than what is normally shed
Multiple ovulation
- is a spontaneous change in the biochemical structure of the gene resulting in an
entirely different phenotypic effect.
Mutation
controls the rapid activities of the body such as muscular contraction,
secretion of some endocrine glands, heart rate, respiration rate, gastro-intestinal motility, to
mention a few.
Nervous System
breeding of progeny that are superior to their parents, also called heterosis.
Nicking
amino acids, which are essential to the animal but, are not
normally synthesized or sufficient in the diet and need not be supplemented.
Non-essential amino acids
Non-essential amino acids
- alanine 7. glutamine
- asparagine 8. glycine
- aspartic acid 9. hydroxyproline
- cysteine 10. proline
- cystine 11. serine
- glutamic acid 12. tyrosine
compounds that are not true protein in nature but contain
N and can be converted to protein by bacterial action, i.e., urea
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
occurs when some individuals do not have the same chances of
mating with individuals of the opposite sex.
Non-random mating
individuals that are more phenotypically similar tend to mate
more often.
Assortative mating
- individuals, which are less
phenotypically similar, tend to mate more often together than would be expected by
chance.
Disassortative mating
- individuals that are related by descent tend to mate more often than
under random mating.
Inbreeding
s include the pig, horse, rabbit, dog, and cat
Non ruminants
any feed constituent, or a group of feed constituents of the same general
chemical composition that aids in the support of life.
- may include synthetically produced vitamins, chemically produced inorganic salts or
biogenically synthesized amino acids.
Nutrients
the series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food for
promoting growth and replacing worn-out or injured tissues.
- encompasses several fields of discipline like biochemistry, chemistry, physiology,
endocrinology, microbiology, genetics.
Nutrition
the shedding of a follicle by the ovary.
Ovulation
hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis or pituitary lobe which stimulates
milk-ejection in lactating females.
Oxytocin
- this gland is located at the duodenal lope of the small intestine. It is both an
exocrine and an endocrine gland.
Pancreas
- the act or process of giving birth to a young.
Parturition
- is defined as the study of function of the parts or organ systems of the body; a
study of function of living matter. It attempts to explain the physical and chemical factors
that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.
Physiology -
the fluid portion of the blood containing a number of ions, inorganic molecules,
and organic molecules which are in transit to various parts of the body or which aid in the
transport of other substances.
Plasma
animals whose body temperature varies directly
with that of the environment.
Poikilotherms or cold-blooded animals
a naturally hornless animal.
Polled
- capable of producing abundant offspring.
- Prolific
is a basic nutrient made up of amino acids and used by the body for growth,
maintenance, and reproduction of all organisms. The orderly synthesis of proteins in the
body is made possible by genes.
Protein
efers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present in protein.
Protein quality
those proteins yielding only amino acids or their derivatives
upon hydrolysis, i.e., albumins, histones, protomins, globulins, glutelins, prolamins
Simple (globular proteins)
– consist of polypeptide chains arranged in parallel along a single axis to
yield long fibers or sheets and constitute about 30% of total protein in animal body,
connective tissue, i.e., collagens, elastin, keratins
Fibrous proteins
those proteins that yield not only amino acid but also other organic
and inorganic components; a type of protein in which simple proteins are combined with
non-protein radical, i.e., nucleoproteins, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins,
lecithoproteins, lipoproteins, metalloproteins.
Conjugated protein
involves the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves traveling at the
speed of 186,000 miles per second; there is no material medium or physical contact between
the animal and the segment of its environment with which the animal is reacting in the
transmission of heat.
Radiation
the process of providing oxygen to the cells of the body and removing carbon
dioxide from them.
Respiration
such as, cattle, and sheep, also have only one true gastric stomach,
but with additional compartments which evolved for fiber digestion.
Ruminants
can be described as controlled vomiting. a controlled set of
contractions of the esophagus, reticulum, and rumen allow ingesta to be regurgitated back
up to the esophagus where fluids are swallowed again and additional remastication and
reswallowing of solids occurs.
Rumination
term commonly used to denote a piglet of small size in relation to his/her
littermates. usually result from a shortage of milk in one or more teats of the sow.
Runts
an animal inferior in either breeding or individuality.
Scrub
the process or condition of growing old.
Senescence
is a process in which certain genotypes contribute more progeny in the next
generation than other genotypes. may take place because of natural forces
(natural selection) or because of the intervention of man (artificial selection).
Selection
the clear yellowish fluid obtained after separation from the clotted cellular element
of whole blood.
Serum
- a form of reproduction wherein the male and female sex organs are
involved in the process of propagation.
Sexual Reproduction
- would result in change in the gene frequency simply because of
chance variation. The extent by which the change in the frequency of an allele, say a, could
deviate from the expected frequency q is inversely proportional to the size of the population.
Small population size
freshly cut green forage fed to animals in confinement.
Soilage
a group of selected animals kept for breeding purposes.
Stud
a process of controlling genetic characteristics by allowing only individuals
with desirable trails to reproduce.
Selection
is a form of non-random mating or a special case of assortative mating
where individuals that are related by ancestry are mated together.
Inbreeding
refers to the mating between animals of different established breeds. mating between
groups of animals of diverse genotypes such as between varieties and lines of animals.
Crossbreeding
- is a process of inducing fertilization in the female reproductive
tract without the benefit of sexual contact between the male and female animal.
Artificial insemination
any of the various blood-sucking arachnida, which fasten themselves to warm blooded
animals.
Tick
generalized blood poisoning, specially a form in which the toxins produced by
pathogenic bacteria enter the blood stream from a local lesion and are distributed throughout
the body.
Toximia
poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms capable of causing
toxicosis.
Toxins
- composed of amino acids
True protein
- to inoculate - with a mildly toxic preparation of bacteria or a virus of specific
disease to prevent or lessen the effects of that disease.
Vaccination
producing only one egg/ one offspring at a time
Uniparous
though not strictly a homeothermic reaction, this is the most important
process by which the animal losses heat to maintain a constant body temperature.
Vaporization
hormone secreted by the
neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary lobe which is important in conserving body water by
reducing urine formation.
asopression or Antidiuritic Hormone (ADH)
