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AREA 2 > Animal Science > Flashcards

Animal Science Flashcards

1
Q

transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory
(blood, or lymph) system.

A

Absorption

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2
Q

generally characterized by a short and often severe course.

A

ACUTE

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3
Q

average daily gain

A

ADG

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4
Q

a term usually applied to microorganisms that require oxygen to
live and reproduce.

A

Aerobic organism

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5
Q

– is the placenta and allied membrane with which the fetus is connected. It
is expelled from the uterus following parturition.

A

After birth

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6
Q

a failure to secrete milk following parturition.

A

Agalactia

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7
Q

congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes

A

Albinism

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8
Q

any substance that gives rise to the formation of antibodies and the resultant
allergic reaction also called an antigen.

A

Allergen

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9
Q

a severe reaction that occurs in some individual following introduction of
antigens into their bodies.

A

Allergy

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10
Q

– productivity/ synthesis of complex materials of living tissue.

A

Anabolic

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11
Q

any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by
living cells into more complex compounds

A

Anabolism

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12
Q

a microorganism that normally does not require oxygen to live
and reproduce.

A

Anaerobic organism

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13
Q
  • is the art and science of the genetic improvement of farm animals.
A

Animal breeding

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14
Q

lack or loss of appetite for food

A

Anorexia

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15
Q

a serum that contains an antibody or antibodies; it gives temporary
protection against certain infectious diseases.

A

Antiserum

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16
Q

a form of reproduction which does not require the sex organ
to facilitate the perpetuation of the species

A

Asexual reproduction

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17
Q

pertaining to all species of birds, including domestic fowl

A

Avian

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18
Q

the crossing of an F1 generation hybrid with one of the parental types
(breed). The offspring are referred to as the backcross generation

A

Backcross

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19
Q

capable of destroying/ killing bacteria.

A

Bactericidal

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20
Q

retardation of the life processes of bacteria without killing them.

A

Bacteriostasis

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21
Q
  • a female dog
A

Bitch

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22
Q

a disorder of ruminants usually characterized by an accumulation of gas in the
rumen.

A

Bloat

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23
Q

the general or physical traits of an animal; its shape and
arrangement of parts

A

Body Conformation

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24
Q

to eliminate undesirable characteristics

A

Breed out

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25
Q

to have the ability to transmit a characteristic uniformly to offspring.

A

Breed true

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26
Q

a particular type or form characterizing a breed. It includes special breed
features in head, ears, color, or other traits common to a particular breed.

A

Breed type

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27
Q

a group of baby chickens.

A

Brood

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28
Q

an animal reserved for breeding and raising of young

A

Brood animal

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29
Q

desire of birds to set in a nest on eggs for the purpose of hatching. It is the
natural behavior for hatching and rearing young.

A

Broodiness

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30
Q

a castrated bull, English term for a finished or fat steer.

A

Bullock

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31
Q
  • is a hormone that lowers calcium level in the blood, thus,
    has an opposite effect to that of parathormone, which increases calcium level in the blood.
A

Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin

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32
Q
  • calves produce by a herd of cattle in one season
A

Calf crop

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33
Q

the illumination of the egg interior by holding the egg before a light to determine
the presence of developing chick embryo

A

Candling

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34
Q

a habit of some fowls of picking at or eating other fowls.

A

Cannibalism

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35
Q
  • the body of dead animal - the whole trunk of a slaughter animal.
A

Carcass

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36
Q

metabolic process by which complex substances are converted by living cells
into more simple compounds

A

Catabolism

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37
Q

genes that interact, which when both are present, a new or novel
trait appears.

A

Complementary genes

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38
Q

the fertilization of the ovum. The action of conceiving or becoming pregnant

A

Conception

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39
Q

involves direct contact of the animal with a part of its environment, where
thermal energy is transferred from one molecule to a neighboring molecule

A

Conduction

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40
Q

that which are acquired during prenatal life. It exists at or dates from birth.

A
  • Congenital
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41
Q

transmissible by direct or indirect contact.

A

Contagious

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42
Q

heat is transferred to or from the animal by the movement of heated air
“particles”; it is the process by which actual mass motion of heated gas (or liquid) transfers
heat from one place to another.

A

Convection

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43
Q
  • a system of feeding young animals prior to weaning.
A

Creep feeding

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44
Q

composed of true proteins and nitrogenous products;

A

Crude protein

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45
Q

Crude protein=

A

Crude protein = % N x 6.25.

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46
Q

a regurgitated food from the rumen of ruminants back to the mouth for further
chewing and reinsalivation

A

Cud

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47
Q

the process of eliminating non-profitable or non-productive or undesirable
individuals

A

Culling

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48
Q

stillborn

A

Deadborn

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49
Q

the evacuation of fecal material from the rectum.

A

Defecation

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50
Q
  • the act of swallowing
A

Deglutition

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51
Q

to remove the horns from cattle, sheep, and goat or to treat young animals so the
horn will not develop.

A

Dehorn

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52
Q
  • involves the movement of the basic units from areas of high concentration (the
    GI tract) to area of lower concentration (the blood)
A

Diffusion

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53
Q
  • breakdown of feed particles into suitable products for absorption; may include
    mechanical forces, chemical action, and enzyme activity
A

Digestion

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54
Q

a relatively small area in which cattle are confined indefinitely as opposed to being
allowed to have free access to pasture

A

Drylot

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55
Q
  • abnormal or difficult labor during parturition.
A

Dystocia

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56
Q

a wasted condition of the body.

A

Emaciation

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57
Q

is a technique wherein a young embryo is collected from a donor female
parent and then implanted into the uterus of a recipient female parent

A

Embryo Transfer

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58
Q

pertaining to glands that produce secretions that pass directly into the blood
instead of into a duct (hormones are secreted by endocrine glands).

A

Endocrine

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59
Q

– glands that secrete chemical mediators called hormones that regulate
growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, stress responses, body and tissue fluid,
and electrolyte balance. Thus, the endocrine system would enable the animal to adjust to changes on its environment, and endocrinology deals largely with this phase of
environmental adjustments.

A

Endocrine Glands

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60
Q

is defined as a branch of physiology dealing with the coordination of
various body tissues by chemical mediators (hormone) produced by restricted areas of the
body (endocrine gland) and transported through the circulatory system to the organ or tissue
on which they exert their effects.

A

Endocrinology

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61
Q
  • internally produced in the body.
A

Endogenous

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62
Q
  • internal animal parasites.
A

Entozoa

63
Q
  • a complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes in other
    substances within the body without being changed itself (organic catalyst).
A

Enzymes

64
Q

designating a widely diffused disease of animals, which spreads rapidly and
affects many individual of a kind concurrently in any region, thus corresponds to an epidemic
in man.

A

Epizootic

65
Q

those amino acids which are essential to the animal and must be
supplied in the diet because the animal cannot synthesize them at sufficient amount to meet
its requirement

A

Essential amino acid

66
Q

Essential amino acid:

A
  1. phenylalanine 6. methionine
  2. valine 7. histidine
  3. threonine 8. arginine
  4. tryptophan 9. leucine
  5. isoleucine 10. lysine
67
Q

impregnation or fertilization

A

Fecundation

68
Q

the ability of the individual to produce eggs or sperms regularly

A

Fecundity

69
Q

roughage of high feeding value.

A

Forage

70
Q

may be defined as a segment of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which determines
the base sequence of nucleotide in the messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) that makes up
the code for a certain biological function.

A

Gene

71
Q

the period from conception to birth of the young.

A

Gestation

72
Q

-domestic animals produced by crossbreeding, wherein one of the parents is of
purebred stock (usually the sire) and the other parent, an ordinary stock

A

Grade

73
Q

the continued use of pure breed sires on grade dams.

A

Grading up

74
Q

low moisture silage (35-55% moisture)

A

Haylage

75
Q

the circumference of the body of an animal behind the shoulders.

A

Heartgirth

76
Q

animals that subsist on grasses and herbs.

A

Herbivorous

77
Q

a group of animals of a single kind kept together for a specific use.

A

Herd

78
Q

is the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal
environment of the body.

A

Homeostasis

79
Q

animals whose body temperature is largely
independent of that of the environment.

A

Homeotherms or warm-blooded animals

80
Q

is defined as a substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine
glands and carried by the blood to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effect.

A

Hormone

81
Q

the power of an animal to resist and/ or overcome an infection to which most of
many of its species are susceptible.

A

Immunity - the power of an animal to resist and/ or overcome an infection to which most of
many of its s

82
Q

to render an animal resistant to disease by vaccination.

A

Immunize

83
Q

the process of producing and secreting milk in order to nourish the young.

A

Lactation

84
Q

the expulsion of egg outside of the reproductive tract in birds

A

Laying or oviposition

85
Q

is the hormone that causes ovulation of matured follicles

A

Luteinizing Hormone

86
Q

he pigs farrowed by a sow or the pups whelped by a bitch at one delivery period;
also the accumulation of materials used for bedding of farm animals

A

Litter

87
Q

alfalfa, a legume of high feeding value for ruminants.

A

Lucerne

88
Q

the larvae of a fly.

A

Maggot

89
Q

the chewing of food

A

Mastication

90
Q
  • the inflammation of the udder or mammary gland.
A

Mastitis

91
Q

combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body with the
liberation of energy. it involves all the chemical reactions performed by the cells to
use the basic units of the nutrients for their specific functions i.e. glucose for energy or
amino acids for protein synthesis.

A

Metabolism

92
Q

a process by which the germinal cells divide to produce haploid cells each carrying
only one-half of the genetic complement of the individual.

A

Meiosis

93
Q
A
94
Q
  • an inflammation of the uterus
A

Metritis

94
Q
  • is a process in which individuals from one population transfer to another
    population.
A

Migration

95
Q

normally present at greater level in animal body or needed in relatively
large amounts in the diet. Include Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S

A

Macro minerals

96
Q

normally present at low levels in animal body or needed in very small
amount in the diet. Include Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se, and are toxic at large
quantities.

A

Trace minerals

97
Q

the shedding and replacing of feathers.

A

Molt

98
Q

animal of mixed or unknown breeding.

A

Mongrel

99
Q
  • is a process by which the female animal is induced to simultaneously
    ovulate more eggs than what is normally shed
A

Multiple ovulation

100
Q
  • is a spontaneous change in the biochemical structure of the gene resulting in an
    entirely different phenotypic effect.
A

Mutation

101
Q

controls the rapid activities of the body such as muscular contraction,
secretion of some endocrine glands, heart rate, respiration rate, gastro-intestinal motility, to
mention a few.

A

Nervous System

102
Q

breeding of progeny that are superior to their parents, also called heterosis.

A

Nicking

103
Q

amino acids, which are essential to the animal but, are not
normally synthesized or sufficient in the diet and need not be supplemented.

A

Non-essential amino acids

104
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A
  1. alanine 7. glutamine
  2. asparagine 8. glycine
  3. aspartic acid 9. hydroxyproline
  4. cysteine 10. proline
  5. cystine 11. serine
  6. glutamic acid 12. tyrosine
105
Q

compounds that are not true protein in nature but contain
N and can be converted to protein by bacterial action, i.e., urea

A

Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

106
Q

occurs when some individuals do not have the same chances of
mating with individuals of the opposite sex.

A

Non-random mating

107
Q

individuals that are more phenotypically similar tend to mate
more often.

A

Assortative mating

108
Q
  • individuals, which are less
    phenotypically similar, tend to mate more often together than would be expected by
    chance.
A

Disassortative mating

109
Q
  • individuals that are related by descent tend to mate more often than
    under random mating.
A

Inbreeding

110
Q

s include the pig, horse, rabbit, dog, and cat

A

Non ruminants

111
Q

any feed constituent, or a group of feed constituents of the same general
chemical composition that aids in the support of life.
- may include synthetically produced vitamins, chemically produced inorganic salts or
biogenically synthesized amino acids.

A

Nutrients

112
Q

the series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food for
promoting growth and replacing worn-out or injured tissues.
- encompasses several fields of discipline like biochemistry, chemistry, physiology,
endocrinology, microbiology, genetics.

A

Nutrition

113
Q

the shedding of a follicle by the ovary.

A

Ovulation

114
Q

hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis or pituitary lobe which stimulates
milk-ejection in lactating females.

A

Oxytocin

115
Q
  • this gland is located at the duodenal lope of the small intestine. It is both an
    exocrine and an endocrine gland.
A

Pancreas

116
Q
  • the act or process of giving birth to a young.
A

Parturition

117
Q
  • is defined as the study of function of the parts or organ systems of the body; a
    study of function of living matter. It attempts to explain the physical and chemical factors
    that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.
A

Physiology -

118
Q

the fluid portion of the blood containing a number of ions, inorganic molecules,
and organic molecules which are in transit to various parts of the body or which aid in the
transport of other substances.

A

Plasma

119
Q

animals whose body temperature varies directly
with that of the environment.

A

Poikilotherms or cold-blooded animals

120
Q

a naturally hornless animal.

A

Polled

121
Q
  • capable of producing abundant offspring.
A
  • Prolific
122
Q

is a basic nutrient made up of amino acids and used by the body for growth,
maintenance, and reproduction of all organisms. The orderly synthesis of proteins in the
body is made possible by genes.

A

Protein

123
Q

efers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present in protein.

A

Protein quality

124
Q

those proteins yielding only amino acids or their derivatives
upon hydrolysis, i.e., albumins, histones, protomins, globulins, glutelins, prolamins

A

Simple (globular proteins)

125
Q

– consist of polypeptide chains arranged in parallel along a single axis to
yield long fibers or sheets and constitute about 30% of total protein in animal body,
connective tissue, i.e., collagens, elastin, keratins

A

Fibrous proteins

126
Q

those proteins that yield not only amino acid but also other organic
and inorganic components; a type of protein in which simple proteins are combined with
non-protein radical, i.e., nucleoproteins, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins,
lecithoproteins, lipoproteins, metalloproteins.

A

Conjugated protein

127
Q

involves the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves traveling at the
speed of 186,000 miles per second; there is no material medium or physical contact between
the animal and the segment of its environment with which the animal is reacting in the
transmission of heat.

A

Radiation

128
Q

the process of providing oxygen to the cells of the body and removing carbon
dioxide from them.

A

Respiration

129
Q

such as, cattle, and sheep, also have only one true gastric stomach,
but with additional compartments which evolved for fiber digestion.

A

Ruminants

130
Q
A
131
Q

can be described as controlled vomiting. a controlled set of
contractions of the esophagus, reticulum, and rumen allow ingesta to be regurgitated back
up to the esophagus where fluids are swallowed again and additional remastication and
reswallowing of solids occurs.

A

Rumination

132
Q

term commonly used to denote a piglet of small size in relation to his/her
littermates. usually result from a shortage of milk in one or more teats of the sow.

A

Runts

133
Q

an animal inferior in either breeding or individuality.

A

Scrub

134
Q

the process or condition of growing old.

A

Senescence

135
Q

is a process in which certain genotypes contribute more progeny in the next
generation than other genotypes. may take place because of natural forces
(natural selection) or because of the intervention of man (artificial selection).

A

Selection

136
Q

the clear yellowish fluid obtained after separation from the clotted cellular element
of whole blood.

A

Serum

137
Q
  • a form of reproduction wherein the male and female sex organs are
    involved in the process of propagation.
A

Sexual Reproduction

138
Q
  • would result in change in the gene frequency simply because of
    chance variation. The extent by which the change in the frequency of an allele, say a, could
    deviate from the expected frequency q is inversely proportional to the size of the population.
A

Small population size

139
Q

freshly cut green forage fed to animals in confinement.

A

Soilage

140
Q

a group of selected animals kept for breeding purposes.

A

Stud

141
Q

a process of controlling genetic characteristics by allowing only individuals
with desirable trails to reproduce.

A

Selection

142
Q

is a form of non-random mating or a special case of assortative mating
where individuals that are related by ancestry are mated together.

A

Inbreeding

143
Q

refers to the mating between animals of different established breeds. mating between
groups of animals of diverse genotypes such as between varieties and lines of animals.

A

Crossbreeding

144
Q
  • is a process of inducing fertilization in the female reproductive
    tract without the benefit of sexual contact between the male and female animal.
A

Artificial insemination

145
Q

any of the various blood-sucking arachnida, which fasten themselves to warm blooded
animals.

A

Tick

146
Q

generalized blood poisoning, specially a form in which the toxins produced by
pathogenic bacteria enter the blood stream from a local lesion and are distributed throughout
the body.

A

Toximia

147
Q

poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms capable of causing
toxicosis.

A

Toxins

148
Q
  • composed of amino acids
A

True protein

149
Q
  • to inoculate - with a mildly toxic preparation of bacteria or a virus of specific
    disease to prevent or lessen the effects of that disease.
A

Vaccination

150
Q

producing only one egg/ one offspring at a time

A

Uniparous

151
Q

though not strictly a homeothermic reaction, this is the most important
process by which the animal losses heat to maintain a constant body temperature.

A

Vaporization

152
Q

hormone secreted by the
neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary lobe which is important in conserving body water by
reducing urine formation.

A

asopression or Antidiuritic Hormone (ADH)

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