Agronomy2 Flashcards
DEFINITION OF TERMS PART 2
the potential to do work.
Energy
a protein that functions as a biological catalyst and regulate cellular functions.
Enzyme
- in dicots, germination in which the cotyledons rise above the soil
surface.
Epigeal germination
- the art and practice of crop production.
Farming
alternate path of respiration followed when oxygen is absent or limited.
Fermentation
the first filial generation, the first generation offspring of a given mating.
F1
The second filial generation is the first generation in which segregation occurs.
F2
- cropland left side for the soil to rejuvenate and replenish its fertility.
Fallow
the ability to reproduce sexually.
Fertility (plant)
the ability to provide the proper nutrients in the proper amount and in
proper balance for the growth of specified plants under the suitable environment or the
ability to support crop production.
Fertility (soil)
the union of the male nucleus with the female cell.
Fertilization (plant)
the applications to the soil of elements or compounds, that aid in the
nutrition of plants.
Fertilization (soil) -
a slender thread-like root, as in grasses.
Fibrous root
the percentage of moisture on dry weight basis that is held against the
pull of gravity, after drainage has ceased in a soil that has been saturated.
Field capacity
the stalk of the stamen which bears the anther.
Filament
a thickened root containing abundant food reserves; example: carrot, sweet
potato.
Fleshy root
- lemma and palea with included flower.
Floret
- vegetable matter, fresh or preserved, gathered and fed to animals.
Forage
the ripened pistil or ovary
Fruit -
a chemical substance used as a spray, dust, or disinfectant to kill fungi
infesting plants or seeds.
Fungicide
a group of plants that causes most plant diseases.
Fungus
- the unit of heredity, variation, sex determination and related phenomena.
Gene
- the hereditary make-up of characteristics of a plant or a pure line or variety
Genotype
turning downward in response to a stimulus caused by the force of gravity
Geotropic
a cell capable of production or of sharing in reproduction
Germ Cell -
a karyopsis, a collective term for the cereals.
Grain
a plant of the family Graminae
Grass
- a haploid cell or nucleus that may unite with another gamete to produce a
zygote, the process of sexual fertilization.
Gamete
the spore that, as a result or mitosis, ultimately produces the male and
female gametes or nuclei
Gametophyte
- the science or study of inheritance.
Genetics
the sequences of events occurring in a viable seed, starting with the
inhibition of water, that leads to the growth and development of an embryo
Germination
a group of hormones that contribute to increase in cell size, fruit size, and
fruit yield, among other effects.
Gibberelins
a respiratory process in which glucose is converted anaerobically into lactate
or pyruvate with a net gain of two molecules of ATP.
Glycolysis
– a method of asexual propagation involving the transfer of aerial parts of one
plant (scion) to the root or trunk material (stock) of another plant.
Grafting
- a crop that is plowed under while still green and growing to improve the
soil fertility.
Green manure
young plants of the Alliums grown for transplanting.
Green sets
- an irreversible increase in cell size or cell number.
Growth
used in reference to either a nucleus or an entire organism in which only one
member of each set of homologous chromosomes is present.
Haploid
the slight checking of the growth of plants before transplanting to improve
their ability to resume growth quickly in the new location
Hardening
a chemical applied to cropland as pre-emergence or post-emergence
treatment for the control of weeds.
Herbicide
containing unlike alleles at one or more loci as a reactant and not as a
solvent.
Heterozygous
a place in which one or more seeds, a cutting or a section of a root or a tuber is
planted
Hill
the moving of soil toward a row of plants.
Hilling-up
in dicot, germination in which the cotyledons do not rise above
the soil surface.
Hypogeal germination
containing like germ cells
Homozygous
- a chemical growth regulating substance that can be or is produced by living
organisms.
Hormone
the well decomposed more or less stable part of the organic matter of the soil
Humus
the coarse outer envelope of a fruit as the glumes of an ear or maize.
Husk
the offspring of two parents unlike in one or more heritable characters.
Hybrid
- the process of crossing organism of unlike heredity.
Hybridization
a plant adapted to wet or submerged condition.
Hydrophyte
the stem of the embryo or young seedling below the cotyledon.
Hypocotyl
- a chemical used to kill insects.
Insecticides
the growing of two or more crops simultaneously in the same piece of land.
Normally one matures quickly so that the longer growing crop then has the use of the
whole area.
Intercrop
- is the growing of two or more crops simultaneously in the same plot in
alternating rows or sets of rows.
Intercropping
a crop planted in rows followed by cultivation between the rows.
Inter-tilled crop
an electrically charged element, group of elements or particle.
Ion
- a plant or group of plants that is homozygous.
Inbred line
a genetic condition in which certain normal male spores are incapable
of functioning on certain pistils.
Incompatibility
a flower missing all or some of the following parts: sepals, petals,
stamens or pistils.
Incomplete flower
- a fruit does not split open naturally at maturity.
Indehiscent fruit
the growth exhibited by a stem that terminates in a vegetative
bud and thus elongates indefinitely.
Indeterminate growth
an ovary that is imbedded in the receptacle, or an ovary whose base is
below the point of attachment of the perianth
Inferior ovary
any structurally organized group of flowers.
Inflorescence
- introduction of bacteria on seed or into soil
Inoculation
any method of applying water to a crop so that it reaches the rooting zone
Irrigation
a term applied to a period in the early growth of plants, mainly biennials,
when they are not susceptible to the influence of environment in the stimulation of
reproductive development.
Juvenile stage
a cyclic series of chemical reactions through which pyruvate is oxidized to
CO2 and H2O, and ATP is produced
Kreb’s cycle
a simple, dry, dehiscent fruit that dehisces along two margins. A pod-bearing
plant.
Legume
the reaction in photosynthesis in which light energy is required, the
photo activation or excitement of an electron in the chlorophyll molecule, electro transfers
of this electron and associated reactions
Light reaction
- a condition most frequently observed in cereals where plants bend at or near
the soil surface and lie more or less flat on the ground.
Lodging
- to remove materials by solution.
Leach
calcium oxide or quick lime; Calcium carbonate; material applied to increase soil pH
Lime
length of life usually of seeds or plants of longer than average life.
Longenity
the divisions of the sexual cells in which the member of chromosomes is halved.
Miosis
a soil that is easily worked or penetrated.
Mellow soil
a plant that thrives under medium conditions of moisture and salt content of
the soil.
Mesophyte
ell division involving the formation and longitudinal splitting of the
chromosomes.
Mitosis
a plant having one cotyledon in its seed, as in the grasses.
Monocotyledon
a layer of plant residues or other materials placed on the surface of the soil to
conserve soil moisture.
Mulch
- a mineral required in relatively large amount for plant growth.
Macro-nutrient
- the spore that germinates to form the female gametophyte, the end product
of mitosis in the pistil.
Megaspore
a mineral required in a relatively small amount for plant growth.
Micro nutrient -
is the growing of more than one food, feed or industrial crop on the
same piece of land in one year
Multiple cropping
a hydrogen acceptor
molecule.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
a dry, indehiscent, single-seeded fruit with a hard, woody pericarp.
Nut
discoloration, dehydration and death of plant parts.
Necrosis
- a soil neither acid nor alkaline with a pH of about 7.0 or between 6.6 and
7.3.
Neutral soil
formation of nitrate from ammonia.
Nitrification
the transformation of free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that can
be absorbed as foods by plants. This is done naturally through bacterial decomposition,
nitrogen nodules on plant roots, or by lightning.
Nitrogen fixation
- a tubercle formed on legume roots by nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus
rhyzobium.
Nodule
- a chemical element taken into a plant that is essential to the growth or
reproduction of the plant
Nutrient
- the removal of soil from the sides of a row of plants preparatory to a hilling
up operation
Off-barring
planting the plants in a row, are opposite the midpoint between those in the two
adjacent rows rather than being directly opposite each other.
Off-set
diffusion of substance through a cell wall or other membrane.
Osmosis
a cross to an individual not closely related
Out cross
a chemical change involving addition of oxygen or its chemical equivalent, or
involving an increase in + or decrease in - valence
Oxidation
inner bract of a floret lying next to the caryopsis in grasses.
Palea
radicately lobed or divided
Palmate
an inflorescence with a main axis and subdivided branches, as in oats and
sorghum.
Panicle
