Agronomy Flashcards
Definition of Terms
the existing natural environmental temperature surrounding a
plant or plant part.
Ambient temperature
- taking up H2O by assimilation.
Absorption
synthetic metabolism, the metabolic processes that form more complex
molecules from single ones, as in photosynthesis or protein synthesis
Anabolism
a plant in which the female gamete is protected within an enclosed
ovary.
Angiosperm
the suppression of the development of lateral buds by high
concentration of auxins in the shoot apex.
Apical dominance
the inflorescence of sugarcane plant.
Arrow
used in reference to reproduction by any method in which sexual fertilization
is absent, or not completed.
Asexual
a plant growth regulator or hormone that affects dormancy; it acts as a
growth inhibitor.
Abscissic acid
the natural separation of leaves, flowers, and fruits or buds from the stems
or other plant parts by the formation of a special layer of thin-walled cells.
Abscission
a soil with a pH below 7.0.
Acid soil
a high-energy phosphate compound. This is
converted to ATP by the addition of phosphate, which is attached to the ADP molecule by
a high-energy bond.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
a high-energy molecule that is the major source of
usable chemical energy for cellular work.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
taking up vapor or liquid by surface on which they remain.
Adsorption
a root that originates neither as a branch from the pericycle nor
as a seminal root.
Adventitious roots
roots that arise from the stem above the ground.
Aerial roots
capable of producing food from non-food materials.
Autotrophic
lacking a geotropic response, as in stolons, rhizomes, and lateral roots
which grow either erect or downward.
Ageotropic
the study of the relation of crop adaptation to environmental conditions.
Agroecology
- the science of crop production and soil management or field management
Agronomy
a soil usually above pH 8.5, containing alkali salts in quantities that usually
are deleterious to crop production.
Alkali soil
a soil with a pH above 7.0
Alkaline soil
formation of ammonia or ammonium compounds in soil.
Ammonification
a plant that completes its life cycle from seed in one year or less.
Annual
the part of the stamen that contain the pollen.
Anther
a water-soluble plant pigment that produces many of the red, blue, and
purple colors in plants.
Anthocyanin
turning upward in response to a stimulus opposed to the force of
gravity.
Apogeotropic
a plant that lives in water.
Aquatic plant
reproduction without involving the germ or sexual cells.
Asexual reproduction
organic substances that cause stem elongation.
Auxins
the period during which the flower is open and, in grasses, the period when
the anther are extended from the glumes
Anthesis
a type of asexual production of seed (as in Kentucky blue grass).
Apomixis
the subsoil layer in which certain leached substances are deposited.
B horizon
the placement of fertilizer in a band or bands in the root zone
before or at the time of planting. Insecticides are sometimes applied in this manner.
- Band application
- the cross of a hybrid with one of the parental types.
Back cross
of two year’s duration, a plant germinating one season and producing seed
the next.
Biennial
an aerial root that functions to brace the plant as in corn.
Brace root
a leaf with fleshy scales, usually subterranean.
Bulb
- a fibrous by-product of sugarcane processing that is used in the manufacture
of some types of paper products.
Bagasse
the rounded seed pod of cotton or flax.
Boll
the science of plant life.
Botany
the outer layers of karyopsis removed in milling.
Bran
a form of grafting in which a vegetative bud from one plant is transferred to
stem tissue of another plant.
Budding
growth habit of grasses that do not spread by rhizomes or stolons.
Bunch type
a crop produced for direct sale for cash, as contracted with crops produced
as livestock feed.
Cash crop
- destructive metabolism; the metabolic processes that break down complex
molecules with the release of energy.
Catabolism
a positively charged atom or molecule.
Cation
seed that meets rigid standard of purity and germination and is so
designated by an authorized agency.
Certified seed -
- the cellular organelle in which chlorophyll is located.
Chloroplast
a measure of the potential of a soil to give up or exchange positively charged ions
or molecules.
CEC
a flower with all parts of the perianth and pistil and
stamen.
Complete & Perfect flower
a nonsystemic weed killer - one that does not have to be
metabolized by a plant to be effective
Contact herbicide
the physical exchange of chromosomal material between non-sister
chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
Crossing over
the condition in which pollen from an anther on one plant ultimately
fertilize a flower on a different plant.
Cross-pollination
- division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells.
Cytokinesis
the layer of weathered parent rock material below B horizon of the soil but
above the unweathered rock.
C Horizon
an alkaline soil containing sufficient calcium and Mg carbonate to
cause visible efflorescence when treated with hydrochloric acid.
Calcareous soil
the green coloring matter of plants that take part in the process of
photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
the yellowing or blanching of leaves and other chlorophyll bearing plant
parts.
Chlorosis
carrier of genes.
Chromosome
- the total long-time characteristic weather of any region.
Climate -
a group of organism composed of individuals propagated vegetatively from a
single original individual.
Clone
- the sheath covering the tip of the leaf of a grass seedling as it emerge from
the soil.
Coleoptile
- a sheath covering the tip of the 1st root from a seed.
Coleorhizar
a crop grown with another crop, as a small grain with forage crops
Companion crop
plowed at right angles to the slope, at the same level of grade, to
intercest and retain runoff water.
Contour furrows
hard swollen base of the stem.
Corm
the 1st leaves of a plant as found in the embryo.
Cotyledon
- a crop grown between orchard trees or on field between cropping season to
protect the land from leaching and erosion.
Cover crop
- is the planting of some crops, like vegetables, cereals, and legumes after
harvesting the main crop, like rice, corn, or sugarcane and repeating the same pattern in
the next crop year
Crop rotation
- fertilization secured by pollen from another
plant.
Cross-fertilization or cross-pollination -
- a part of a plant used for vegetative propagation
Cutting
the study of the structure, function, and life history of the cell.
Cytology
- the contents of a cell outside the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
a cultivated variety within a plant species that differs in some respect from the
rest of the species.
Cultivar
the random scattering of molecules due to their own kinetic activity and to
external forces.
Diffusion
the breakdown of complex foods to simple foods, which can be more easily
respired.
Digestion
the process of sexual fertilization in the angiosperms in which one
nucleus from the male gametophyte fertilizes the egg nucleus to form the embryo and a
second nucleus from the male gametophyte jointly-fertilizes two polar nuclei to form
endosperm.
Double-fertilization
plants or trees that shed leaves or awns at a particular season or stage
Deciduous
the opening of valves or anthers, or separation of parts of plants.
Dehiscence
the reduction of nitrates to nitrites, ammonia and free nitrogen in the
soil.
Denitrification
having two sets of chromosomes.
Diploid
the terminal end farthest from the base.
Distal
possessing as character which is manifested in the hybrid to the apparent
exclusion of the contracted character from the other parent.
Dominant
an internal condition of a seed or bud that prevents its prompt germinating or
sprouting under normal growth conditions.
Dormancy -
lowers that arises from the terminal bud and check the
growth of the axis.
Determinate inflorescence
- plants producing two cotyledons in each fruit.
Dicotyledonous plants -
the result of mating two single crosses, each of which had been produced
by crossing two distinct inbred linen
Double cross
a machine for sowing in furrows
Drill -
a row of seeds or plants sown with a drill; one seed per hill.
Drill row
- small onion bulbs, approximately 1.5 - 2 cm in diameter used as planting
material
Dry sets
- the study of the mutual relations between organism and their environment.
Ecology
a variety or strains adapted to a particular environment.
Ecotype
the female reproductive cell.
Egg
remove the male reproductive structures
Emasculate
the sac in the embryo containing the egg cell.
Embryo sac
coming off a place, as a seedling from the soil or a flower from a bud.
Emergence
Inner layer of pericarp
Endocarp
the starchy interior of a grain.
Endosperm
the stem of the embryo or young seedling above the cotyledons.
Epicotyl
- the wearing away of the land surface by water, wind or other forces.
Erosion
