Animal Reproduction

Question 1

What does fertilization depend on?

Answer 1

sperm and eggs of the same species coming together

Question 2

What is a gamete?

Answer 2

Sex cell

Question 3

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

the creation of an offspring by the fusion of a male gamete and female gamete

Question 4

What is the haploid number of chromosomes?

Answer 4

23

Question 5

What is the diploid number of chromosomes?

Answer 5

46

Question 6

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring WITHOUT the FUSION of gametes

Question 7

What is fission?

Answer 7

the splitting and separation of a parent cell into two individuals

Question 8

Does fission create genetic diversity?

Answer 8

No, the offspring is all alike

Question 9

What kind of environment is needed in fission?

Answer 9

stable environment

Question 10

What is budding?

Answer 10

a localized mass of mitotically dividing cells arises as an outgrowth of existing ones

Question 11

What is fragmentation and regeneration?

Answer 11

the breaking of the body into several pieces and the regrowth of the lost body parts

Question 12

What allows for the regrowth of the lost body parts?

Answer 12

Stem cells throughout the body

Question 13

How can an earthworm reproduce?

Answer 13

They can do both sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 14

How does an earthworm do asexual reproduction?

Answer 14

It will regrow a body part if it is cut off

Question 15

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 15

females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

Question 16

Why would an animal use parthenogenesis? (2)

Answer 16

Some of the offspring can be diploid to reproduce in the future

Need large group because some are workers

Question 17

Sexual reproduction results in genetic __________.

Answer 17

Diversity

Question 18

What is ovulation? When does it take place?

Answer 18

Release of a mature egg

14 days after menstration

Question 19

Why is predictability and timing important for ovulation?

Answer 19

The egg is only viable for a limited time

Question 20

What environmental cues can tell when an animal will ovulate? (3)

Answer 20

day length, lunar cycle, temperature

Question 21

What controls ovulation in the body?

Answer 21

hormones

Question 22

What is moose rut?

Answer 22

male moose demonstrate who is strongest

Question 23

What is salmon runs?

Answer 23

salmon migrate from ocean to rivers where they will spawn on gravel beds

Question 24

What is special about an animal that reproduces using hermaphroditism?

Answer 24

Each organism has both sets of gonads

Question 25

What type of animals use hermaphroditism?

Answer 25

Sessile because they stay in one area since it is difficult to move

Question 26

Can animals who are hermaphrodites self-fertilize?

Answer 26

Yes they can self fertilize and mate

Question 27

How do earthworms reproduce sexually?

Answer 27

They are hermaphrodites, but need a mate to reproduce

Question 28

What is the name of the area eggs stay when on a worm? What protects them?

Answer 28

Clitellum

Foam protects the eggs

Question 29

Explain external fertilization.

Answer 29

female frogs will release eggs and the male will try to get as close to the female as possible to attempt to fertilize the eggs.

Question 30

Why does water need to be present with external fertilization?

Answer 30

keep the eggs moist

Question 31

Why are pheromones and timing critical?

Answer 31

signals to get to a certain area for reproduction

Question 32

What is the benefit of internal fertilization?

Answer 32

the offspring is very protected

Question 33

Explain internal fertilization.

Answer 33

Sperm is deposited into the female reproductive tract

Question 34

Where does fertilization take place in females?

Answer 34

Fallopian tubes

Question 35

What are the following players in internal fertilization…

1. Gonads
2. Gametes
3. Transport tubes
4. Copulatory organ
5. Receptacle organ
6. Site for developing embryo

Answer 35

1. Ovaries and Testies
2. Sperm and Egg
3. Fallopian tube
4. Penis
5. Vagina
6. Uterus

Question 36

Some animals _________ the embryo, which developed inside the female

Answer 36

retain

Question 37

What is the function of the placenta?

Answer 37

enable nutrients and O2 to serve embryo

Question 38

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

Answer 38

lifeline from the baby’s circulatory system to the placenta

Question 39

Where do marsupials keep their baby?

Answer 39

the baby is born extremely young and will climb into a pouch where it will attach to the nipple of a parent

Question 40

How do terrestrial animals develop outside the body?

Answer 40

Eggs

Question 41

What risk of laying eggs?

Answer 41

risk of drying out

Question 42

What element makes the shells strong

Answer 42

Calcium

Question 43

Name 1 positive and 1 negative for the following…

• Asexual vs sexual reproduction
• External vs internal fertilization
• Placental mammals vs marsupial animals vs egg laying animals

Answer 43

Asexual (+) no partner needed, produce high numbers
Asexual (-) no genetic diversity, need stable environment
Sexual (+) genetic diversity
Sexual (-) timing

External (+) Less energy, higher numbers
External (-) less protection from predators
Internal (+) More protected
Internal (-) more energy, smaller numbers

Placental (+) protected at all times
Placental (-) birth of child/ pains
Marsupial (+) some parental help
Marsupial (-) predator risk from birth to climbing to pouch
Eggs (+) Less energy required for offspring development
Eggs (-) risk of drying out, less protected