Animal/Plant Composition Flashcards
Nutrition
the sum of the processes in an animal by which food substances are consumed, metabolized, and waste products are eliminated
Nutrient
any material that aids in the support of life in a normal healthy animal
Feed/Feedstuff
any product, whether natural or synthetic origin, that when properly used in the diet has nutritional value
Natural feedstuffs
-corn
-wheat
-alfalfa
-soybeans
-potatoes
Natural processed feedstuffs
-soybean meal
-wheat germ meal
-alfalfa leaf meal
-distillers dried solubles
Synthetic feedstuffs
a pure nutrient such as vitamin E
Nutrient classes
-protein
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-vitamins
-minerals
-water
Diet
a combination of feedstuffs
Ration
amount of feed consumed by an animal in a 24 hr period
Supplement
a feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritional balance of a diet
Three ways to use supplements:
-mix with other ingredients to form a complete diet
-feed free choice (animals will balance their own ration-usually salts and minerals)
-feed undiluted
Concentrate
a feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains <18% fiber as crude fiber
Roughage
a feedstuff containing >18% fiber as crude fiber
Digestion
the physical and chemical reactions feedstuffs undergo from intake to absorption from the gut
Absorption
movement of nutrients from GI tract through gut wall into the lymph system, blood stream, and cells
Distribution
movement of nutrients from absoprtion site to cells of body
Digestion processes:
- mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, gizzard)
- chemical digestion (stomach, abomasum, proventriculus)
- Enzymatic digestion and microbial digestion for ruminants
Metabolism
the chemical processes that nutrients undergo after absorption
Anabolism
any CONSTRUCTIVE process by which simple substances are converted into more complex substance
Catabolism
any DESTRUCTIVE process by which complex substances are converted into more simple compounds
Enzyme
biocatalysts, secreted by living cells, which activates and/or accelerates chemical reactions
Enzyme have:
-cofactors
-coenzymes
Cofactors
activate the enzymes (an inorganic molecule)
Coenzymes
function in conjunction with enzymes, not a permanent part of the enzyme, often act as intermediate carriers of electrons or functional groups for transport of chemical moieties (organic molecule)
Hormones
chemical agents synthesized by particular parts of the body which are then carried by the blood to other parts of the body where they elicit a physiological response by action on specific tissues or organs
What do plants use to form carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
CO2, H2O, nitrates, and mineral salts
What do animals need to build their bodies?
CO2, H2O, nitrates, and mineral salts
What is the main constituent in plants?
CHO (only found in trace amounts in animals)
Where does protein translocate to as plants mature?
the seeds
What is the level of protein in mature plants?
highest in seeds
than leaves
than stems
What is the level of fats in mature plants?
highest in seeds
-than leaves
than stems
Roughages have low digestibility due to
high fiber content (cellulose)
Concentrates have low rude fiber and
high starch
Where is starch primarily found in plants?
in leaves
What is leaves and stems primarily?
cellulose (stems less so than leaves)
What minerals make up most of the animals body ash?
70% Ca and P
Ca is more found in what part of the plant?
leaves
P is richer in what part of the plant?
seeds
Ca is low in what part of the plant?
seeds
As a plant matures what happens to digestibility and intake?
both decrease
In pre-budding plants relative feed value is
increased
In pre-budding plants crude protein is
increasing
Byproduct feeds
products remaining after, or developed from that which remains after, processing of commodities for other purposes
