Animal Physiology Flashcards
what is the purpose of the respiratory system
to provide constant supply of oxygen to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood
what are the requirements for respiration
1) respiratory surface must be moist
2) respiratory surface must be large
3) resorption surface must be thin
what is the pathway of air in the respiratory system
mouth/ nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, bloodstream (and reverse for CO2)
what happens in the mouth and nose in the respiratory system
-brings air into the body
-nasal hairs (cilia) and muscle in the nostrils trap dust as bacteria
what happens in the nasal cavity in the respiratory system
-warms, cleans, and moistens air (which speeds up process)
-has glands that produce sticky mucus which traps dust and other materials not trapped by the nasal hairs
what is the nasal cavity
-large air filled space behind the nose
what is the trachea
an air conducting tube
-also lined with mucus membranes and cilia
-made of strong cartilage rings
what is another name for the trachea
windpipe
what occurs in the trachea in the respiratory system
-connects the back of the throat (pharynx) with the bronchi
what is the back of the throat called
pharynx
what is the bronchi
two short tubes that branch off the lower end of the trachea, connects the trachea to the lungs
what are bronchioles
tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
what are alveoli
-tiny, thin-walled grape like clusters at the end of each bronchiole
-surrounded by capillaries
what occurs in the alveoli
-gas exchange
-carbon dioxide out of blood and oxygen into blood
what is the pleura
-membrane lining the lungs (alveoli and bronchioles)
-purpose is to keep organs moist
what is the diaphragm
-muscle between the chest and the abdomen
-works with intercostal muscles (between ribs) to allow air to come into the lungs and air to leave
how do we breathe
inhale- the diaphragm contracts and moves down, intercostal muscles control and move out
exhale- diaphragm relaxes and moves up, intercostal muscles relax and move in
define total lung capacity
the maximum volume of air that can be taken into the lungs during a single breath
define tidal volume
the quantity of the small fraction of the total capacity of our lungs that we use during normal breathing
define inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation
define exploratory reserve volume
the volume of air still left in the lungs aftr a normal exhalation
define residual volume
the volume of air still left in the lungs after the exploratory reserve volume. prevents the lungs from collapsing
define vital capacity
the maximum tidal volume
What are the three reasons we need to eat?
Growth, maintenance (repair tissue), and generate energy.
What is the cellular respiration equation?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide & Water + ATP
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
What is a nutrient?
A chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive.
What are the main types of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), water, oxygen, minerals, and vitamins.
What is the first step of the digestive process?
Ingestion, which involves bringing in food and starting the process of breaking it into usable nutrients.
What role does saliva play in digestion?
It lubricates food for swallowing, dissolves food particles for tasting, and contains amylase enzymes to begin chemical digestion.
What is the function of teeth in digestion?
Used for physical digestion (no chemicals involved).
What are the types of teeth and their functions?
Incisors (cutting), canines (tearing), premolars (grinding), molars (crushing).
What is the epiglottis?
A flap of soft tissue that covers the entrance of the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs.
What does the esophagus connect?
The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach.
What type of muscle composes the esophagus?
The esophagus is composed of smooth muscle.
What is the process of rhythmic contractions in the esophagus called?
The process is called peristalsis.
Where does digestion begin?
Digestion begins in the mouth.
Where does most digestion take place?
Most digestion takes place in the small intestine.
What is the primary function of the stomach?
The stomach is the site of food storage and initial protein digestion.
What are sphincters?
Sphincters are constrictor muscles that regulate the movement of food to and from the stomach.
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
The cardiac sphincter regulates movement from the esophagus to the stomach.
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
The pyloric sphincter regulates movement from the stomach to the small intestine.
What is chyme?
Chyme is a semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric fluids.
What is the role of mucus in gastric fluids?
Mucus provides a protective coating in the stomach.
What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid kills many harmful substances ingested with food.
What does hydrochloric acid convert pepsinogen into?
HCl converts pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin.
Why is pepsin important?
Pepsin breaks long amino acid chains in proteins into shorter chains called polypeptides.
What is the pH level of hydrochloric acid?
Hydrochloric acid is a very strong acid with a pH of around 3.
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
What is the primary function of the duodenum?
Where most digestion takes place
What is the primary function of the jejunum?
Absorption
What is the primary function of the ileum?
Absorption
What role does the pancreas play in digestion?
Secretes enzymes for digestion into the small intestine
What is lipase?
A fat digesting enzyme
What are trypsin and peptidase?
Protein digesting enzymes
What is amylase?
Finishes carbohydrate digestion
What hormone does the pancreas secrete to regulate glucose?
Insulin
What does the pancreas release to neutralize acidic chyme?
Bicarbonate ions
What is the liver’s role in detoxification?
Involved in the removal and breakdown of toxins such as alcohol
What substance does the liver produce and secrete?
Bile
What is bile’s function?
Emulsifies fats for faster breakdown by lipase
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores bile until chyme enters the duodenum.
What structures increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
Long finger-like folds called villi.
Which parts of the small intestine are primarily used for absorption?
Jejunum and ileum.
What is the largest part of the large intestine?
Colon.
What is reabsorbed in the colon?
Water, salts, and minerals.
What is the rectum?
The lower 20cm of the large intestine where feces are stored.
What is egestion?
The removal of waste food materials from the body.
What is feces?
The undigested material that is eliminated as waste from the body.
what is the pathway of the digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon rectum), bloodstream
what are the 7 functions of the circulatory system
1) carry nutrients to the cells
2) carry waste away from cells
3) transport gases
4) transport chemical messages (hormones)
5) regulate temperature
6) transport cells of the immune system
7) help regulate fluid levels
what are the four components of blood
plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets (themovocytes)
plasma
-55% of blood, fluid medium which transports materials around the body including: electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
-no nucleus, contains hemoglobin which allows it to carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
-less than 1% of blood, have a nucleus, fight infections, work for immune system
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
-less than 1% of blood, have a nucleus, fight infections, work for immune system
platelets (theombocytes)
-small cell fragment, no nucleus, fragile, rupture when they hit a sharp edge which initiates blood clotting reaction
Arteries
-carry blood away from heart, have thick walls to withstand high blood pressure, located deep in the body,
define pulse
change in the diameter of arteries following heart contraction
capillaries
-one cell thick
-site of gas exchange
viens
-thinner walls
-carry blood to heart
-blood is under lower pressure
how to solve low pressure in viens
-one way valves —> prevent back flow of blood
-contracting muscles —> force blood through valves
which side of the heart is oxygenated which side of the heart is deoxygenated
right = deoxygenated
left = oxygenated
atrium
-thin walled chamber that receives blood from the viens and pump blood to ventricles
ventricles
a muscular thick walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries
systemic circulation
left ventricle, oxygenated blood from lungs to body tissues
pulmonary circulation
right ventricle, deoxygenated blood from body tissues to the lungs
what are the sounds of the heart beat
lubb- tricuspid and mitral valves shutting
dubb- aortic and pulmonary valves shutting
what is a heart murmur
when the valves don’t close in sync
what are the two phases of the heart beat
systole - contractile phase of the heart, pressure generated when ventricles contract
distole- relaxation phase of the heart, pressure generated when ventricles relax
explain the heartbeat
-heart is made of myogenic cardiac muscle (does not need input from nervous system$
-sinoatrial node sends excitation down atrial walls, both atria contract
-there is a delay between ventricular contracts bc of fibres
-atrio-ventricular node further contacts excitation through these fibres
-causes ventricular contract and heart squeezes out blood
fibrillation
-contractions of atria and ventricles are out of sync
what does EKG stand for
electrocardiogram
electricity of one heart beat
p wave - indicates atrial contraction
qrs complex- indicates ventricular contraction
t wave- indicates ventricular relaxation
atrial relaxation- observed by qrs complex
describe pathway of circulation from left ventricle
left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, arteries, capillaries, viens, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, capillaries of the lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve
what heart defects can be found on an EKG
tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, heart block, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation
what is peristalsis
the involuntary rthymic wave like contraction of the smooth muscle in the esophagus
what is each chemical in the digestive system and what does it break down
amalyse- carbohydrates
pepsin- amino acids into polypeptides
lipase- fats
trypsin- proteins
peptidase- proteins
what are the two places gas exchange occur and how are they different
lungs- involves oxygen in bloodstream
cells- involves oxygen in body tissues
