Animal Movements

Question 1

Migration Defined (animal example)

Answer 1

seasonal movement from one type of habitat to another (round trip)
e.g. humpback whale migration

Question 2

Navigation Defined

Answer 2

when an animal uses distinct cues to determine its position as it attempts to reach a goal

Question 3

Know Pigeon Navigation Capabilities

Answer 3

visual - sun as compass
magnetic - magnetic granules in midline of brain
olfactory - know that certain odors come from winds from distinct direction

Question 4

Know Warbler Navigation Capabilities

Answer 4

visual - migrate at night, use celestial sky as compass. learn star patterns, but have predisposition to learn north-south orientation

Question 5

Know Steelhead Trout Navigation Capabilities

Answer 5

Olfactory - recognize scent of natal stream, go back there to breed

Question 6

Emigration Defined

Answer 6

animal departs out from an area to a new area, without returning.

Question 7

Reasons for Emigration

Answer 7

optimal breeding (outbreeding) and avoid inbreeding
search for better environment (deteriorating or overpopulated environment)

Question 8

Philopatry Defined (female & male)

Answer 8

Natal philopatry = home loving.
F vs M philopatry = F stay vs M stay

Question 9

Realized Niche (animal example)

Answer 9

a niche that is less desirable than an ideal niche. A newcomer ends up with a compromised niche.
e.g. Wolves and coyotes. Wolves are dominant/more aggressive, so they get better territory. Coyote get realized niche (worse territory)

Question 9

Taxis (Positive vs. Negative)

Answer 9

movement towards or away from a stimulus.
Positive: movement toward a stimulus
Negative: movement away from a stimulus

Question 10

Orthokinesis Defined (animal example)

Answer 10

an organism changes speed in relation to intensity of stimulus
e.g. pill bugs slow down in dark habitats

Question 11

Klinokinesis Defined (animal example)

Answer 11

change in organism’s turning rate in reaction to intensity of a stimulus
e.g. lamprey turns more in intense sunlight, trying to find fish to latch onto

Question 12

Abiotic Population Regulators

Answer 12

not living – volcano, fire, cyclone

Question 13

Biotic Population Regulators

Answer 13

living - parasites, prey/predator populations

Question 14

The Role of Keystone Species

Answer 14

if removes, has dramatic effect on the population of other animal species that interface directly and indirectly with keystone species
e.g. jaguar eats spider monkey. No jaguar, spider monkeys eat other animals too much

Question 15

Torpor Defined (animal examples)

Answer 15

short term reduction of internal body temperature during cool days/nights
e.g. hummingbirds to into torpor on cold nights, so they consume 50% less calories

Question 16

Hibernation Defined (animal examples)

Answer 16

extended and protracted torpor caused by reduced daylight length and hormonal changes (body temp plunges lower than torpor)
e.g. arctic ground squirrels hibernate during winter. Body temp is 3 degrees below freezing.