Animal Development Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five stages of development?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage
  3. Blastulation
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Neurulation
  6. Organogenesis
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2
Q

What are the two types of yolk distribution?

A

vegetal pole and animal pole

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3
Q

What is vegetal pole?

A

end of egg where most yolk is concentrated

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4
Q

What is animal pole?

A

end of egg where the least yolk is concentrated, cells divide more rapidly here

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5
Q

What are the two types of cleavage?

A

holoblastic and meroblastic

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6
Q

What is a holoblastic cleavage?

A

the whole zygote divides, low amount of yolk, ex sea star, mollusks, and flatworms

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7
Q

What is a meroblastic cleavage?

A

part of zygote divides, high amount of yolk, ex. fish, reptiles, birds

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8
Q

What are the two stages of blastulation?

A

morula and blastula

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9
Q

How many cells are in a morula?

A

16-32 cells

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10
Q

How many cells are in a blastula?

A

64 cells

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11
Q

What is a blastula?

A

a hollow sphere of cells, same size as zygote, and center cavity=blasocoel

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12
Q

What are the two types of egg?

A

isolecithal and telolecithal

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13
Q

What is a isolecithal egg?

A

small amounts of yolk, evenly distributed, ex. sea star

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14
Q

What is a telolecithal egg?

A

large amount of yolk, concentrated at one end, ex. chicken and frog

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15
Q

Why do cells divide more rapidly at the animal pole?

A

because the yolk does not divide, cells divide around the yolk, which there is more space for that to occur at the end with less yolk (animal pole)

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16
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

migration and specialization of cells, blastula–> gastrula, formation of germ layers, archenteron forms, multi-layered embryo

17
Q

What is a archenteron?

A

primitive gut, which opens to the outside via blastopore

18
Q

What is a protostomes?

A

the archenteron eventually becomes the mouth of the organism

19
Q

What is a deuterostomes?

A

the archenteron eventually becomes the anus of the organism

20
Q

What occurs during neurulation?

A

chordates only, neural plate forms from ectoderm, forms neurula (development of notochord, neural tube, and coelom), neural tube becomes CNS

21
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

22
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

(inside) intestine, esophagus

23
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

(middle) muscle, heart

24
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

(outside) skin, nervous system

25
Q

What occurs during organogenesis?

A

development of organs and shapes the organism

26
Q

What five anatomical terms do we need to know for the chicken embryo?

A

geminal disc (becomes the chicken), yolk (feeds the chicken), chalaza (holds the yolk in equilibrium), vitelline membrane (holds yolk together), and thick and thin albumen

27
Q

Characteristics of organogenesis:

A

48 hour or 96 hour, the brain, eye, ear, heart, somites, and vitelline blood vessels can be identified

28
Q

Characteristics of neuralation:

A

24 hour, the brain, somites, neural tube, and primitive streak can be identified