Animal Adaptions

Question 1

Scaling

Answer 1

predictable changes in some characted with body size

Question 2

body size constraints and trade offs

Answer 2

For objects of similar shape, the ratio of surface area to volume decreases with size. smaller bodies have a larger surface area relative to their volume. The decreasing surface area relative to volume with increasing body size limits the transfer of materials and energy between the organisms interior and exterior. Change shape or use active transport of oxygen to solve this problem

Question 3

herbivore

Answer 3

feeds on plants(Grazers-eat grass
Browsers-eat leaves, branches
Granivores- eat grains,seeds
Frugivores- eat fruits
Sucking Insects- taps into phloem
Nectivores- eat nectar)

Question 4

carnivore

Answer 4

feeds on meat

Question 5

omnivore

Answer 5

feeds on meat and plants

Question 6

detritivore

Answer 6

feeds on dead matter

Question 7

homeostasis

Answer 7

maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment, despite varying external conditions

Question 8

homeostatic plateau

Answer 8

limited range of maximum and minimum physiological tolerances in which an organism can operate

Question 9

feedback

Answer 9

positive feedback- output from a previous event increases that event in future(destabilizing); negative feedback- output from a previous event influences(dampen) that same event in the future

Question 10

endothermy

Answer 10

internal heat production (humans)

Question 11

ectothermy

Answer 11

obtain heat from sources outside the body(snake, fish)

Question 12

homeothermy

Answer 12

organisms that use endothermy

Question 13

heterothermy

Answer 13

organisms that use both endo and ectothermy

Question 14

counter current heat exchange

Answer 14

physical arrangement of arteries and veins to allow transfer of heat

Question 15

rete

Answer 15

a large network or discrete vascular bundle of intermingling small blood vessels carying arterial and venous blood that acts as a heat exchanger in mammals and certain fish and sharks

Question 16

hyperosmotic

Answer 16

having a higher concentration of salts in the body tissue than does the surrounding water

Question 17

hypooosmotic

Answer 17

having a lower concentration of salts in the body tissue than does the surrounding water

Question 18

torpor

Answer 18

temporary great reduction in an animal’s respiration with loss of motion and feeling; reduces energy expenditure in response to some unfavorable environmental condition such as hot or cold

Question 19

hibernation

Answer 19

winter dormancy in animals characterized by a great decrease in metabolism

Question 20

biological clock

Answer 20

the internal mechanism of an organism that controls circadian rhythms without external time cues

Question 21

Bergman’s rule

Answer 21

within a species, body mass increases with latitude

Question 22

Allen’s rule

Answer 22

endotherms from colder climates usually have shorter limbs (or appendages) than the equivalent animals from warmer climates.

Question 23

energetic equivalence rule

Answer 23

amount of energy used overall by a population does not depend on the size of the organisms in that population(populations of different species use the same amount of energy regardless of their size)

Question 24

poikilotherms

Answer 24

organisms that use ectothermy to regulate temperature. gain and loose heat easily. have low metabolic rate and high conductivity. active only at temperate temperatures. sluggish in cold. exploit microclimates by moving into warm places to heat up and seeks shade to cool off(amphibians move in and out of water or desert animals bury themselves for shade)

Question 25

tradeoffs between ectothermy and endothermy

Answer 25

Advantage of Endothermy: can live in variety of environments
Disadvantage: needs lots of calories, some energy consumed goes to heat production; Advantage of Ectothermy: calories consumed can go to biomass production or reproduction
Disadvantage: reliant on external environment

Question 26

red queen hypothesis

Answer 26

coevolution between predator and prey such that the relationship persists(running in place)

Question 27

fermentation

Answer 27

anaerobic bacteria further breakdown food in the absence of oxygen

Question 28

coprophagy

Answer 28

ingestion of fecal material for further extraction of nutrients

Question 29

Behavioral adaptations of obtaining nutritional needs

Answer 29

varies time of foraging( eating earlier in the growth season) and preferences (some plants are more palatable

Question 30

urticating hairs

Answer 30

hair like extensions loaded with poison

Question 31

Adaptations of Poikilotherms

Answer 31

acclimation-adjusting to the environment

Question 32

Adaptations of homeotherms

Answer 32

Morpholigical- Insulation(hair, fur), Coloration
Physiological-Non-Shivering thermogenesis
Behavioral-heat production in muscles without shivering