Anglo-Spanish relations 1568-1585 Flashcards
What was England’s main source of trade before 1550?
The cloth trade with Antwerp in the Netherlands
Why did trade with Antwerp become more difficult under Elizabeth?
Spain brought the Netherlands under its control
Apart from Antwerp, where were the most valuable trading opportunities for England under Elizabeth?
In the New World - Mexico, Peru, Chile and the Caribbean
What resources were available in the New World which English explorers could profit from?
Tobacco, sugar cane and silver
What did English merchants require to trade in the New World?
A licence from Spain
Who led the first English voyages to the New World?
John Hawkins
Where was John Hawkins attacked by the Spanish in 1568?
San Juan de Ulua
What impact did the Battle of San Juan de Ulua have on the English?
Just two of the seven ships returned to England
Only 70 men returned to England - they left behind 114
Where did Francis Drake get his revenge for San Juan de Ulua in 1572?
Nombre de Dios, off the coast of Panama
What did Francis Drake do at Nombre de Dios in 1572?
Attacked the town and seized silver worth £20,000
What did Elizabeth do when Drake came back from Nombre de Dios with his silver?
She gave him a job as a privateer
Which Spanish treasure ship did Drake attack in February 1579 on his circumnavigation?
The Cacafuego
How much was the cargo worth that Drake captured from the Cacafuego in 1579?
£140,000
What did the Duke of Alba establish in the Netherlands between 1566 and 1568 to deal with the Dutch Protestants?
The Council of Troubles
What two things did Elizabeth do in the 1560s that angered Spain?
She sheltered the Sea Beggars (Dutch rebels attacking Spanish ships in the English Channel)
She attacked Spanish ships and took gold (the Genoese Loan)
When was the Spanish Fury and what happened?
1576
Spain’s forces in the Netherlands mutinied after months without pay, attacking the Dutch provinces
What impact did the Spanish Fury have on the Netherlands?
It united all 17 Dutch provinces - both Protestant and Catholic - against Spain
What were the terms of the Pacification of Ghent, drawn up after the Spanish Fury?
All Spanish troops would be expelled from the Netherlands
The Netherlands would have political independence
There would be no more religious persecution in the Netherlands
Which side broke the Pacification of Ghent in 1577?
Spain
What did Elizabeth do when Philip II broke the Pacification of Ghent?
She hired a mercenary called John Casimir and gave him money to raise an army of 6,000 volunteers to help the Dutch rebels
What impact did John Casimir’s forces have in the Netherlands?
They destroyed Dutch Catholic churches, meaning that the Dutch Catholics made peace with Spain
How much did Elizabeth give to the Duke of Alençon to fight in the Netherlands for her in October 1581?
£70,000
Which country did Spain add to its empire in 1580?
Portugal
Who was assassinated on 10 July 1584?
William of Orange
Why was William of Orange’s assassination significant?
The Dutch rebels were without a leader and looked to Elizabeth
Why was it hard for Elizabeth to decide whether she wanted to lead the Dutch rebels?
If she led them, she would be seen as trying to overthrow Philip II
If she didn’t lead them, the Dutch rebels would be easily defeated, leaving England as Philip II’s next target
Who signed the Treaty of Joinville in 1584?
Philip II and the French Catholic League
