Angiosperm Reproduction

Question 1

flowers

Answer 1

reproductive structure of an angiosperm

Question 2

flower structure

Answer 2

sepal - leaves at base of flower
petals -
stamen- filament, anther
carpel - stigma, style, ovary

Question 3

complete flowers

Answer 3

contain all four floral organs

Question 4

incomplete flowers

Answer 4

lack 1 or more floral organs

Question 5

imperfect flower

Answer 5

(unisexual) lack stamens or carpels

Question 6

monecious plants

Answer 6

plants have both male and female organs on same plant

Question 7

diecious plants

Answer 7

plants are either male or female

Question 8

pollination

Answer 8

the transfer of pollen from male to female structures

Question 9

pollination can be

Answer 9

wind, selfing, animal transfer

Question 10

65%

Answer 10

of angiosperms pollinated by insects

Question 11

Animals in Pollination

Answer 11

increase pollination efficiency
windless conditions
less density limitations
coevolved specialists

Question 12

animal recruitment

Answer 12

pollen
nectar- liquid w sugar(attracts animals)
scent - insects are tuned to smells
trickery - looks like mate, etc

Question 13

vertebrate pollination

Answer 13

bats
hummingbirds

Question 14

bats

Answer 14

fragrant flowers
white, bloom at night

Question 15

hummingbirds

Answer 15

red/purple flowers
high concentrations of nectar
rarely fragrant

Question 16

bug/insect pollination

Answer 16

flies
beetles
moths
butterflies
bees

Question 17

flies

Answer 17

visit for nectar
generalists (not great pollinators)
Flowers: less showy, strong smell

Question 18

beetles

Answer 18

eat pollen
not effective (not fuzzy)
flowers are: dull/white, musty smell, bowl/dish shaped

Question 19

moths and butterflies

Answer 19

feed on nectar using long thin proboscis
fairly effective
flowers: tubular, sweet scent
red yellow blue - butter
light hanging for moths

Question 20

bees

Answer 20

nectar&pollen for food
western honey=domesticated, not as effective as native bees
highly effective
flowers often: bright yellow/blue
sweet smell
nectar guides

Question 21

nectar guides

Answer 21

lines pointing to pollen visible in ultraviolet

Question 22

seeds and germination

Answer 22

seed coat
cotyledon
dormancy

Question 23

seed coat

Answer 23

protective coat around seed

Question 24

cotyledons

Answer 24

invested nutrients from endosperm
ready nutrients for the developing shoot

Question 25

eating? beans peanuts popcorn bread

Answer 25

cotyledon cotyledon endosperm endosperm

Question 26

dormancy

Answer 26

seed dehydrates, stops growing, and metabolism nearly ceases

Question 27

mature seed

Answer 27

5-15%h2o

Question 28

environmental cues to break dormancy

Answer 28

cold - bloom in spring not late fall acid - thru digestive system heat - less competition moisture - desert

Question 29

fruits

Answer 29

the ovary around a seed/egg that explands

Question 30

fruit types

Answer 30

simple aggregate multiple accessory

Question 31

simple

Answer 31

develop from single or several fused carpels pea

Question 32

aggregate

Answer 32

result from single flower w multiple separate carpels raspberry

Question 33

multiple

Answer 33

develop from a group of flowers called an inflorescence pineapple

Question 34

accessory

Answer 34

contain other floral parts in addition to ovaries apple

Question 35

asexual reproduction

Answer 35

does not require other individuals to produce offspring progeny are genetically identical to parent (great if well adapted to environment)

Question 36

asexual reproduction types

Answer 36

selfing, vegetative fragments, suckers (selfing = not clone) (veg frag and suckers = clones)

Question 37

vegetative reproduction

Answer 37

a planted piece of parent plant can grow whole new plant more resilient than seedlings

Question 38

suckers

Answer 38

new shoots/stems that grow from bud on root of plant (bananas)

Question 39

selfing

Answer 39

pollen pollinated the carpel

Question 40

Sexual Reproduction Benefits

Answer 40

allows for genetic variation that helps adaptations to environmental change seed production = long distance dispersal

Question 41

Grafting

Answer 41

horticultural method of asexual reproduction(vegetative) one tree could produce thousands of offspring

Question 42

How?

Answer 42

apical meristem (scion) of one plant and attaching it to the rooted stem of another (root stock)

Question 43

Why graft?

Answer 43

root stock optimization (resistant species w good roots+ good fruit species) propagation of adult tissue for rapid fruiting (starting from scratch (a new tree) could take 10 yrs) propagation of trees w special traits