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Anemia physio Flashcards

1
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

carrier of oxygen

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2
Q

what else can bind to hemoglobin

A

carbon monoxide

glucose

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3
Q

what can carbon monoxide binded to hemoglobin cause

A

asphyxiation

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4
Q

what is the life of a RBC

A

120 days

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5
Q

What can cause anemia

A

blood loss

nutritional deficiencies

defective hemoglobin

bone marrow disorders

chronic disases

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6
Q

O2 binds to hemoglobin normally at how many sites

A

4

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7
Q

what is hematocrit

A

level of RBCs contained within a sample of blood in percentages

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8
Q

what is anemia

A

there is not enough RBCs to attach to hemoglobin molecules

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9
Q

what do diseases of red blood cells relate to

A

quantity or quality

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10
Q

Regardless of the cause all diseases of RBCs mean

A

Less oxygen is able to be transported to the tissues

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11
Q

Absoulte decrease means

A

When you do not have enough RBCs

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12
Q

relative decrease

A

dilution -> increase in plasma but not proportional RBCs.

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13
Q

What are some causes of anemia (8)

A

iron deficiency

maturation disorders

hemolytic anemias

acute bleeding

marrow damage

inflammation

neoplasia

chronic disease

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14
Q

symptoms of severe anemia

A

fainting

chest pain

angina

heart attack

worsening CHF

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15
Q

what does patient with anemia look like

A

pale

fatigued

increase HR

Hypotension

Increase Respiration

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16
Q

Clinical manifestations of MILD anemia

A

may have no symptoms

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17
Q

clinical manifestations of MILD - MODERATE anemia

A

fatigue

weakness

tachycardia

dyspnea

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18
Q

clinical manifestations of moderate to SEVERE anemia

A 
Increased HR
increased RR
hypotension
pallor
faintness
cardio symptoms (especially on exertion)
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19
Q

What is the trend with anemia and oxygen to the muscles

A

Decreased causing weakness

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20
Q

What is the trend with anemia and energy production

A

decresed causing fatigue

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21
Q

What is the trend with anemia with peripheral circulation

A

blood is redistributed causing pallor

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22
Q

What is the trend with anemia with cardiac output

A

increased causing increase HR and palpations

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23
Q

What is the trend with anemia and secretion of erythropoietin

A

increeased causing bone pain

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24
Q

What is the trend with anemia with cardiac muscle

A

hypoxia causing chest pain and heart failure

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25
What is the trend with anemia and overall oxygenation
hypoxia causing dyspnea and increase RR
26
What disease is caused in Anemia with Abnormal Hgb
Sickle Cell Disease
27
What is caused by a decreased Hgb content
Loss of iron Loss of key nutrients
28
what is caused by a decreased number of circulating erythrocytes
decreased production increased destruction loss
29
hemoglobin usually become distorted under what
Stress on the body
30
what is Thalassemia
Genetic disorder causing defective hemoglobin, causing cells to be destroyed in liver and spllen causing hemolysis
31
can sickle cells go back to normal
Yes, but repeated sickling can cause permanent distortion
32
common blockage areas
liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, and retina
33
anemia causes the inability to do what
bind to hemoglobin normally
34
Hemoglobin S distorts what
shape, especially when oxygen is low
35
What is iron essential for
normal hemoglobin production
36
what are folate and V-B12 necessary for
normal DNA synthesis
37
T/F iron is reused when a cell dies
TRUE
38
anemias are classified by what
the size and shape of RBC
39
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency will have a MCV that is larger or smaller?
MCV will be larger
40
Iron deficiency will have a large or small MCV
Smaller
41
Etiologies of Iron Deficiency
``` Decreased intake Decreased absorption Increased demand Excessive loss -GI bleeding (occult) -Menstruation ```
42
T/F Iron deficiency is the most common
True
43
Where is iron stored
in the liver
44
Iron deficiency manifestations of anemia
Epithelial atrophy Brittle hair and nails Koilonychia GI tract Smooth tongue Mouth sores Dysphagia  PICA
45
What is PICA
craving non-food substances
46
what is pagophagia
chewing and craving ice
47
Folic Acid is activated by what
Vitamin B 12
48
What can be given to activate Folic Acid instead of Vitamin B 12
Inactive Folic Acid
49
what is koilonchia
spoon shaped nails
50
what can B12 deficiency also cause
neuro complications
51
folate deficiency does not have a problem with what
absorption
52
decreased intake of folate can be seen in what
alcoholism diet cirrhosis
53
increase need in folate can be seen in what
pregnancy
54
B12 deficiency is seen in what time of anemia
pernicious anemia
55
b12 is combined with what
intrinsic factor
56
intrinsic factor is secreted where
gastric parietal cells
57
where is vitamin b12 absorbed
terminal ileum
58
Conditions that reduce Intrinsic factor or inhibit absorption
gastric bypass gastrectomy bowel resection
59
B12 deficiency S/S
Normal signs of anemia ``` Fatigue Exercise intolerance Weakness Tachycardia Dyspnea Glossitis ```
60
B12 deficiency S/S NEURO
``` Depression Paranoia Confusion Anger/Irritability Anxiety Balance issues Gait issues Memory loss ```
61
Chronic kidney disease anemia ETIOLOGY
Impaired erythropoeitin production Hgb/Hct correspond with the degree of kidney insufficiency
62
clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease anemia
General S/S of anemia
63
What is Aplastic Anemia
Primary condition of bone marrow stem cells. Decrease in all RBCs in marrow
64
2 classes of aplastic anemia
Congenital  | Acquired
65
What problems will an aplastic anemia patient have
Reduce RBC, WBC, and platelets Infection Bleeding
66
causes of aplastic anemia
idiopathic high dose exposure to radiation or chemicals/toxins autoimmune mechanism with complication of infection
67
What leads to increased destruction of RBCs
Abnormal hemoglobin  Sickle Cell Anemia Decreased life span of RBCs Thalassemia Absent or decreased production of normal hemoglobin Alpha or Beta thalassemia Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
68
What is Acquired hemolytic anemia
Premature destruction of RBCs caused by some external agent
69
what are common causes of acquired hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune attack Blood incompatibilities Drug reactions Other Physical agents (severe burn) Microangiopathies
70
What happens in hemolytic anemia
Formation of immune complexes | Lysis = cell death
71
What to look for in hemolytic anemia
``` Low hemoglobin  increase  Reticulocyte count Mild jaundice Hemoglobinuria Decreased haptoglobin  ```
72
blood loss anemia results from
Gross Occult
73
2 Rates of blood loss
Acute/Rapid slow

Pharm 1 (28 decks)

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