Anemia

Question 1

Anemia

Answer 1

decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
reduced numbers of RBC
or decreased hemoglobin concentration

Question 2

Anemia Causes

Answer 2

decreased production

increased loss or destruction

Question 3

Anemia Measured By

Answer 3

decrease in Hgb values
decrease in PCV
RBC count below normal
(also shape, size, color of RBC when stained)

Question 4

Classification of Anemia

Answer 4

Morphology
Etiology
Regenerative/Non-regenerative

Question 5

Morphology

Answer 5

color and size
RBC size (MCV) and hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Question 6

Etiology

Answer 6

cause

Question 7

Regenerative or Non-regenerative

Answer 7

is bone marrow responding?

making new RBCs?

Question 8

Non-regenerative anemia

Answer 8

maturation defect
hypo-proliferative
need bone marrow

Question 9

Regenerative Anemia

Answer 9

appropriate response

increased numbers of immature RBC

Question 10

Lab Tests: Regenerative

Answer 10

reticulocyte counts
erythrocyte indices
RBC morphology
plasma color, turbidity, and total plasma
protein concentration
serum blood iron measurement, bilirubin measurement, bone marrow evaluation

Question 11

Reticulocyte

Answer 11

immature erythrocytes
with no nucleus
ribosomal material

Question 12

Difference Polychromatophil vs. Reticulocyte

Answer 12

when stain:
polychromatophil (diff quick)=can’t see ribosomes
reticulocytes (supravital-NMB)-can see ribosomes

Question 13

Reticulocyte Staining: Method 1

Answer 13

smear
let dry
1 drop NMB
coverslip invert on monolayer

Question 14

Reticulocyte Staining: Method 2

Answer 14

mix equal parts NMB and blood (3 drops each)
stand 10-15 min
mix sample
make smear

optional: stain w/ Romanawsky

Question 15

Cat Reticulocytes: Aggregate

Answer 15

true reticulocytes

large clumps of reticulum

Question 16

Cat Reticulocytes: Puncatate

Answer 16

mature RBC
unique to cats
2-8 small singular basophilic granules

Question 17

Normal Values Cat Reticuloycytes

Answer 17

0. 4% aggregate

1. 5-10% punctate

Question 18

Reticulocyte Count

Answer 18

% of 1,000 RBC
oil immersion

(horses no reticulocytes, need bone marrow)

Question 19

Reticulocyte Count Example

Answer 19

8 retics out of 1,000 RBC=0.8%

80 retics out of 1,000 RBC=8%

Question 20

Basophilic Stippling

Answer 20

retained organelles

lead poisoning

Question 21

Basophilic Stippling
Vs.
Reticulocytes

Answer 21

Reticulocytes=NMB stain

Basophilic Stippling=Diff Quick

Question 22

Regenerative Anemia: when to look?

Answer 22

4-7 days from cause of anemia

Question 23

Regenerative Anemia: adequate response

Answer 23

percentage of reticulocytes greater than or equal to PCV

Question 24

Dog: Normal Reticulocytes

Answer 24

0%-1.5%

Question 25

Other Signs of Immaturity

Answer 25

Howell Jolly Body Polychromasia nucleated RBCs

Question 26

None Regenerative Anemia: Causes

Answer 26

``` iron deficiency Erlychiosis drug toxicity histoplasmosis hypothyroidism renal insufficiency ```

Question 27

Normocytic Anemia

Answer 27

normal RBC size | secondary to acute or chronic disorders

Question 28

Macrocytic Anemia

Answer 28

large RBCs response to regenerative anemia rarely seen in Vet Med

Question 29

Microcytic Anemia

Answer 29

small RBC | iron deficiency

Question 30

Hypochromic

Answer 30

reduced Hgb concentration | iron deficiency

Question 31

Normochromic

Answer 31

normal levels Hgb | other types of anemia

Question 32

Hyperchromic

Answer 32

not possible

Question 33

Erythrocyte indices

Answer 33

classify anemia based on morphology: microcytic-normocytic-macrocytic hypochromic-normochromic

Question 34

Normacytic, Normochroic: causes

Answer 34

trauma/hemmorage: cell production too slow hemolysis of RBC by toxin, bacteria, viral infection plasma=yellow/icteric

Question 35

Microcytic, Hypochromic: causes

Answer 35

gradual loss of iron: blood sucking parasites dietary iron deficiency (baby pigs no parasites) ...anything cause RBC loss

Question 36

Etiology Classifications: cause

Answer 36

Hemolytic (RBC break open) Hemmoragic (blood loss) Iron Deficiency Production Disorders

Question 37

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 37

due to RBC rupture affect liver and kidney (excess bilirubin) usually regenerative

Question 38

Hemolytic anemia: causes

Answer 38

``` bacteria (lepto and viruses) blood parasites toxins and chemicals IMHA neonatal isoerythrolysis incompatible transfusions ```

Question 39

Blood loss

Answer 39

acute: trauma or blood sucking parasites

Question 40

changes normacytic/normachromic to microcytic/hypochromic anemia

Answer 40

gradual blood loss

Question 41

Iron Deficiency: causes

Answer 41

``` improper amounts of: B-12 folic nictinic pyridoxine protein copper cobalt nickel ```

Question 42

Bone Marrow Depression

Answer 42

``` no treatment acute appear normocytic/normochromic erythropoiesis=reduced and defective metabolic inhibition panycyptopenia end in death ```

Question 43

Bone Marrow: Metabolic Inhibition

Answer 43

chronic rental or liver disease sever infection malignancy endocrine disturbances (hyperthyroid, hypoadecorhrticism)

Question 44

Nucleated RBC

Answer 44

metarubricytes not healthy in high numbers if see more than 5 must perform corrected WBC count

Question 45

Corrected WBC Count

Answer 45

total WBCx100/100+nRBC

Question 46

Corrected WBC Count Example

Answer 46

total WBC 17k µL total nRBC 7 17,000x100/100=7=15,887 wbc/µL