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Hematology ANSC 153 > Abnormal RBCs > Flashcards

Abnormal RBCs Flashcards

1
Q

Normal RBC

A

circular
biconcave shape
most hemoglobin in periphery, central pallor
come from pluripotent stem cell (bone marrow)

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2
Q

Negative Feedback Systems

A

Hypoxia occurs
causes kidney cells to release erythropoietin
bone marrow responds by releasing more immature RBC

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3
Q

What makes it normal?

A 
arrangement
size (morphology)
color (morphology)
shape (morphology)
inclusions/parasites
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4
Q

Rouleaux

abnormal arrangement

A

stacking of erythrocytes
normal in horses (may be present in cats or pigs)
artifact of prolonged storage

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5
Q

Agglutination

cell arrangement

A

cells coated with antibodies

resulting in bridges or clumps

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6
Q

Agglutination causes

A

associated with immune disorders:

  1. IMHA (immune related hemolytic anemia)
  2. transfusions (wrong blood type)
  3. neonatal isorerythrolysis (in kittens and foals)-mother and baby blood types don’t match
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7
Q

Agglutination Versus Rouleaux

A

use a drop of saline

rouleaux will disperse in saline but agglutination will not

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8
Q

normal cell size

A

normocytic

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9
Q

increased cell size

A

macrocytic

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10
Q

decreased cell size

A

microcytic

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11
Q

abnormal cell size

A

anisocytosis

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12
Q

normal cell color

A

normochromic

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13
Q

increased cell color

A

spherocyte

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14
Q

decreased cell color

A

hypochromic

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15
Q

normal cell shape

A

biconcave disk with central pallor

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16
Q

abnormal cell shape

A

poikilocytosis

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17
Q

What species of animal is anisocytosis normal in?

A

cattle

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18
Q

Polychromasia

abnormal color

A

RBCs with bluish macrocytes
presence of organelles within cytoplasm
immature cells
(if stained blue=reticulocytes)

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19
Q

What condition do animals suffer from when their RBCs are hypochromic?

A

anemia

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20
Q

Spherocytes

abnormal color

A

darkly stained RBCs
appearance too much hemaglobin (but not true)
usually microtic
lost biconcave shape

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21
Q

Poikilocytosis

abnormal shape

A

abnormal shape

not helpful in diagnosis
only use when morphologies can be made more specific

22
Q

5 Categories of RBC Morphology

A
  1. Regenerative response (response to anemia)
  2. Immune mediated damage (body does not recognize self
  3. Oxidative injury (onions, tylenol, etc.)
  4. Membrane/metablic disorder
  5. Mechanical fragmentation (physical damage)
23
Q

Immune mediated damage

A

body’s immune system went haywire
IMHA
Incompatible blood transfusions
Neonatal Isoerthrolysis

24
Q

Immune mediated damage RBC Morphology

A

changes seen in:

spherocytes
agglutination
ghost cells

25
Q

spherocytes

A

dark

no disk shape

26
Q

agglutination

A

cell clumping

27
Q

ghost cells

A

remnants of membrane due to intravascular lysis

28
Q

Oxidative Injury

A

areas with denatured hemoglobin or hemoglobin pushed to the side
unable to carry oxygen
causes: oxidant drugs and chemicals, garlic, onions, acetominophen

29
Q

Oxidative Injury RBC Morphology

A

Changes seen in:

heinz bodies
eccentrocytes

30
Q

Eccentrocytes

A

half clear, pushed out hemoglobin

causes: diabetes ketoacidosis, neoplasia, Babesia canis, ingestion of toxin (garlic, onions, acetaminophen

31
Q

Heniz bodies

A

round, blue
normal in cats in 5% RBC

indicate: lymphosarcoma, hyperthyroidism, diabetis mellitus

32
Q

Mechanical Fragmentation

A

fragmented RBCs
not a good sign in large numbers
caused by intravascular trauma or mylofibrosis

33
Q

Mechanical Fragmentation RBC Morphology

A

Changes seen in:

schistocytes
dacryocytes

34
Q

Schistocytes/shizocytes

A

traveling through fibrin (clot)

often seen in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

35
Q

Dacryocytes

A

tear drop shaped cells
(if all face the same way may be artifact or spreading)
cause may be fragmentation or mylefibrosis (bone marrow scars)
cause unknown may be secondary to lymphoma or leukemia

36
Q

Membrane/Metabolic Disorders

A

many different processes or illnesses can cause variation

37
Q

Membrane/Metabolic Disorders RBC Morphology

A

Changes seen in:

Echinocytes
Acanthocytes
Keratocytes
Hypochromasia
Torocytes
Ovalocytes/Elliptocytes
Leptocytes (Codocyes, Knizocytes)
Stomatocytes
38
Q

Echinocytes (bur cells)

A

regular spikes, hedgehog or bur appearance

Causes:
in vivo= renal disease (lymphosarcoma) or snake bites
in vitro=crenation

39
Q

Acanthocytes (spur cells)

A

nickelodeon, splat, or spur appearance

Causes:
liver disease
dogs with hematuria

40
Q

Keratocytes (blister, bite, helmet cells)

A

helmet appearance
areas of cell membrane damage

causes:
hemangiosarcoma, neoplasia, glomerularnephritis, liver disease

41
Q

Torocytes (punched out cells)

A

an artifact of spreading the blood

normal cells

42
Q

Stomatocytes

A

mouth appearance
central pallor is oval

Causes: hereditary, lead poisoning, drying artifact

43
Q

Ovalicytes/Elliptocytes

A

normal in camelids (llamas)

Causes:
lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic lipidosis, portosystemic shunt, glomerular nephritis

44
Q

Leptocytes

A

cell membrane too large for hemaglobin
folding cell membrane

examples:
codocytes
knizocytes

45
Q

Codocytes (target cells)

A

causes:
liver disease or
polychromatophil

46
Q

Knizocytes (bar cells)

A

similar to target cells but line or bar near central pallor

47
Q

Pseudoparasites

A 
stain precipitate
basophilic stippling (lead poisoning)
pappenheimer bodies
retractile bodies (water in stain)
platelets (stuck to RBC)
Howell Jolly Bodies (immature, remnant of nucleus)
48
Q

Parasites and Inclusions: Ruminants

A

Anaplasma marginale

often seen in cows=anemia and death

49
Q

Parasites and Inclusions: Canines

A

Viral Inclusions: Distemper

Mycoplasma haemocanis=splenectomy

Babesia Canis=anemia, icterus

50
Q

Parasites and Inclusions: Felines

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis=common cause of FIA (from queen to kittens or via vectors), aka “Hemogbart=splenectomy

Hematology ANSC 153 (7 decks)

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