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Adult Health 1 > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia patho

A
  • There isn’t enough RBCs to carry oxygen to tissue

- Hg<12g/dL for women and Hg < 13.5 in men or 14

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2
Q

Values

A

RBcs 4-6M cells/ mCL
Hgb M: 14-18 W: 12-16
Hematocrit 42-52% M or W: 37-47%
Reticulocytes: insight into whether the production is low or destruction is high
MCV: (Mean Corpuscular VAlue) (80-95)
Tells whether it is Microcytic, Macrocytic, Normocytic

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3
Q

Increased destruction of RBCs (hemolytic)

A

Sickle Cell Disease

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4
Q

Decreased Production of RBCs ( Normocytic)

A

Anemia of chronic disease

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5
Q

Macrocytic Anemia (DNA issue)

A

-Vitamin B12 and folic acid defiency

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6
Q

Microcytic ANemia (hemgolben issue)

A

Iron defiency anemia

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7
Q

Anemia assessment

A 
FAtigue
Pallor 
Jaundice 
Dysrhtymias 
Tachycardia 
Dyspnea 
SOB 
Syncope Dizziness
Headache
Chest Pain
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8
Q

Anemia interventions

A 
- oxygen
chest pain: 12 lead
Ortho hypotension: get up really slowly 
intolerance of cold: warm blanket 
increased fatigue: take rest breaks
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9
Q

When Hgb is less than 7g/dL or pt is anemic and symptomatic

A

A blood transfusion is needed

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10
Q

Iron defiency Anemia

A 
-Most common type in world 
Causes: poor diet, blood loss, Poor GI absoprtion 
-Small RBCs has low iron
-microcytic and low MCV 
- mouth fissures
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11
Q

Iron defiencey Anemia Interventions

A
  • red meat ad liver
    -legumes
    -Leafy greens
    -shell fish
    Oral supplements: may cause GI upset

IV iron infusions only for severe cases

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12
Q

Anemia of Chronic diseases

A

Anemia of inflammation

  • Most commonly in elderly
  • Tends to be mild to moderate

Commmon causes:

  • Kidney disease
  • infection
  • Cancer
  • IBD
  • Diabetes

Often normocytic
- Treatment at underlying cause

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13
Q

Macrocytic (B12 and Folic acid)

A

Vitamin B12
Caused by: dietary, chronic diarhhea, pernicious anemia

Looks like

  • Pallor
  • Fatigue
  • Jaundice
  • weight loss
  • Glossitis
  • PArastheisas
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14
Q

Folic Acid

A

Causes:
Diet, malabsorption, drugs, alcohol

Looks like: 
Pallor 
Fatigue 
Jaundice 
Weight loss 
Glossitis
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15
Q

B12 Def interventions

A

Dietary changes, oral supplements. B12 injections

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16
Q

Folic Acid interventions

A

Dietary screenings, supplement

Screen: poor nutrition, alcoholics, older adults

17
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • autosomal recessive geetic disorder
  • causes mutation results in HbS
    -SS disease versus AS ( carrier) has mild symptoms
    Most common in African Americans
18
Q

sickle cell patho

A
  • abnormal shape due to altered beta chain
    -HbS is sensitive to low O2
    -Low O2 = sickling of RBCs
    sickled cells clump together
  • create a vaso-occlusive event
    Shortens RBCS to 20 days
  • increased reticulocytes
19
Q

sickle cell crisis

A

-periods when extensive sickling occur
repeated episodes o sickle cell crisis and VOE’s cause long term damage to tissues and organs
-Ultimately lead to organ failure

20
Q

causes of sickling

A
  • situations that require high o2 demand
21
Q

sickle cell assessment

A
  • pain
    -fatigue
    -pallor
    -jaundice
    -cyanosis
    -Le ulcers
    joint pain/ limited rom/ swelling
    -SHOB
    -Pallor
    -Jug vein distension
    -cognitive changes
    High cap refill
  • diminsed pulses
    -cool
  • tachycardia
    -coping, understanding, support
22
Q

Acute chest syndorme

A
  • Most common cause of death for people with sicle cell
  • SHOB
  • Ccough
  • infiltrate on XR
23
Q

Diagnostics for Sickle cell

A

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

  • Hematocrit ( new normal is 20-30%)
  • Billirubin ( May be high > 1.2 mg/dL)
  • Reticulocytes ( > 2%)
  • WBCs (> 10^9 cells/L)

Imaging: XR, MRI, CT, ECG-12

24
Q

Interventions

A

Oxygen, Pain management, Hydration (D5/ 2NS) !!!

Other:

  • promote circulation
  • Prevention of infections
  • early detection of infections
  • Temp adjeustmenst
  • Blood transufsions
  • Crisis prevention
  • Hydroxurea

Adult Health 1 (18 decks)

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