Ancient Roman Architecture Flashcards
Rome has a commanding position in the
Miditerranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea enables them to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilization over
Europe Western Asia & North Africa
Chief building material in roman archi
Concrete
Formed of stone or brick rubble and a mortar
Conrete
Derived from one of the primary deposits of volcanic ash
Pozzolana
Also have ample supplies of ..? (roman archi)
Marbles, terra cotta, stones, bricks, sand, gravel and timber
Rome was divided into 3 regions. What regions were they?
North Italy, Central Italy, South Italy
Climate of North italy
TemperateC
Climate of Central Italy
Sunny and comforting
Climate of south italy
Tropical
During etruscan period, what was their religious belief?
They pattern their gods from the gods of greeks
Part of the constitution of the state
Religion
Venerated more .. than gods (roman archi)
Emperors
Instead of temples for worship, they have.. to pray (roman archi)
Shrines in their respective domus
Important emperor who patronizes architecture in rome
Nero, Vespasian, Trojan, Hadrian, Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Diocletian
… is revealed in their architecture (roman)
Social Life
Romans had a love for extravagance, thats why they created..
Circus, Thermae, Amphitheater, Theaters, Basillicas, State temples, Apartment/Domus, Forum
Romans are not known to be colonizers but..?
Conquerors
Romans ha an outward expression of the national love of
Power
Etruscan Architecture
750BC-100BC
Earliest civilization in rome
Etruscan Architrcture
Great Builders and large scale undertakings
Etruscan Architecture
Construction system of Etruscan Architecture
Earliest use of true or radiating arch
Materials in Etruscan Architecture
Stone: Tuffa, peperino, travertine, lavastone, sand and gravel
Earth for making terracotta and bricks
Concrete
Roman Architecture
300 BC-365AD
Description of Roman Architcture
-Utilitarian, practical, economic use of material
-Complex of great constructive ability
Construction system of Roman Architrcture
-Greek orders use as decorative features which could be ommited
-Adopted columnar and trabeated style of greeks
-Developed arch and vault system started by etruscans, combine use of columns, beams and arch
Materials of roman architecture
Marbles (mostly white), Concrete (to build vaults of a magnitude never equaled until 19th century steel construction)
Architectural Character of Roman Architecture
Vastness and Magnificence
Ostentation and Ornateness
A vault having semicircular cross section
Semi Circular/Wagon Headed/Barrel Vault
A compound vault formed by a perpendicular intersection of two vaults forming arched diagonal arises called groins. Also called groin vault
Cross Vault
A dome having the form of a hemisphere, also called semicircular dome
Hemispherical Dome
Parts of the arch
Foundation, Pier, Impost, Voussoir, Keystone
Two column capitals of roman archi
Composite Order, Tuscan Order
Combination of Ionic and Corinthian
Composite Order
Modified by superimposing four diagonal set ionic volutes on a bell of corinthian acanthus leaves
Corinthian Order
A simplified roman doric characterized by unfluted column and a plain base, capital, and entablature having no decoration other than molding
Tuscan Order
Made of rectangular blocks of stone with or without mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps (Roman concrete walls)
Opus Quadratum
Made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly assembling the polygonal work (Roman Concrete walls)
Opus Incertum
Fine joints were diagonal lines like the meshes of a net (Roman Concrete walls)
Opus Recticulatum
Triangular bricks specially made for facing the walls (Roman concrete walls)
Opus Testaceum
Consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small square stone blocks (Roman Concrete Walls)
Opus Mixtum
Etruscans were probably originated in
Asia Minor
Etruscans settled in
West Central Italy between the rivers of arno and tper
From early times, the etruscans marked the resting places of the dead by
Tumuli (Earth mounds)
Tumulus was built together in vast number and were arranged in rows, as?
Cerveteri (Caere)
One of the most magnificent etruscan sepulchral monuments. The original (probably royal) tomb dates from 650 BC and consist of a tumulus with two stone chambers.
Regolini Galassi, Cerveteri (Caere)
The burial chamber of Regolini Galassi is
Rectangle and has an unusual roof, built like the dome of Mycenean tholos, corbeled, and reached via a long passageway (dromos) with side chambery
Built in imitation of houses, arranged along pave streets.
House tomb
Free standing, cut directly out of the rock. Entrances were typically surrounded by an elegant frame with tapering door posts and lintels projecting right an left
Cube tomb
One of the extraoridnary funerary monument of the renowned etruscan king of the 6th century BC. This has a rectangular podium carrying five cones, which carried two similar storeys.
Tomb of Porsenna, Chiusi (Clusium)
never back down never what??????
NEVER GIVE UP BITCHHH
Many etruscans temples were divided into three cellas. This reflected the worshi[ pf a triad, the three divinities usually being
Tinia (Jupiter), Uni (Juno) and Minvra (Minerva)
Etruscan temples were always set on
High podia (platform), constructed of ashlar masonry
Etruscan columns seems to have been a?
Simplified version of the greek columns, they were unfluted, with base and plai capital
Etruscan temple decoration
Lavishly decorated with painted terracota, which served partly to protect wooden elements of the structure
Open space used as a meeting place, amrket, or rendezvous for political demonstrator
Forum
Rectangular forum plaza surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of rome, oldest and most important, used as a hippodrome
Forum Romanum, Rome
-Largest
- Was the last of the imperial fora to be constructed in Ancient rome
Forum of Trajan, Rome
Architect of Forum of Trajan, Rome
Apollodorus of Damascus
Used pseudo-peripheral (half collonade attached to the naos walls raised in a podium, oriented towards the south
Rectangular temples
The main temple dedicated to the god portunus in the city. It is in the ionic order and is still more familiar by the erroneous designation, the temple of fortuna virilis given it by antiquaries.
Temple of Portunus, Rome
stands in the forum of augustus in rome and was built to commemorate Augustus’ victory in 42 BCE at the battle of philippi over the assassins of Julius Caesar
Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome
One of the most beautiful and well preserved templs of the Roman world. It was built in Nimes around 20BC by Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carree, Nimes
Derived from the temples of the greeks and the etruscans which became the prototype f christian baptistry
Circular and polygonal temples
- The most sacred shrine and source of roman life and power
- The temple’s most recognizable feature is its circular footpring
Temple of Vesta, Rome
- Most famous and perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome
- was converted into a christian church named Sta Maria Rotonda
The Pantheon, Rome
Open space used as a meeting place, market, or rendezvous for poltical demonstrators
Forum
Rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of rome
Forum Romanum, Rome
Oldest and most important, used as hippodrome
Forum Romanum, Rome
Largest, was the last of the imperial fora to be constructed in ancient rome. The architect apallodorus of damascus oversaw its construction
Forum of trojan, rome
Used pseudo-pheripheral (half collonate attached to the naos wall, raised in a podium, oriented towards the south)
Rectangular Temples
The main temple dedicated to the god Portunus in the city. It is in the ionic order and is still more familiar by its erroneous designation.
Temple of Portunus, Rome
Stands in the forum of augustus in rome and was built to commemorate augustus’ victory in 42BCE at the battle of Philippi over the assassins of Julius Caesar
Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome
One of the most beautiful and well preserved temples of the roman world, Built in nimes around 20BC by Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carree, Nimes
Derived from the temples of the greeks and the etruscans wwhich became the prototype of christian baptistry
Circular and Polygonal Temples
The most sacred shrine and source of Roman life and power, the temple’s most recognizable feature is its circular footprint
Temple of Vesta, Rome
Most famous and perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in rome, it was converted into a christian church named Sta. Maria Rotonda
The Pantheon, Rome
Exterior of Pantheion: The temple consists of a ?
Drum divided into three layers, surmounted by a shallow dome, attached to a portico of eight columns in width by three in depth.
Originally, the exterior of pantheon was covered in ?
Covered in stucco, but it now has brick faced concrete.
What is the name for “opening to the sky”?
Oculus
The dome of the pantheon consisted of five layers, how many coffers per layer?
28
Large oblong building use as a hall of justice and public meeting place
Basilicas
Known as Basilica Ulpia located inside the Trojan Forum, built by apollodarus of damascus
Trojan Basilica, Rome
Known as Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius in Rome, largest building in the forum
Basilica of Constantine, Rome
An elaborated public bath establishment, consist of hot, warm, and cool plunges, sweat rooms, athletic and other facilities
Thermae
Three main parts of thermae
Main building or Central Structure with Chief Apartments
Xystus or Public Park
An outer ring of apartments
Warm room (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Tepidarium
Hot room, or with hot water bath (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Caldarium
Cooling room (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Frigidarium
Dry sweating room (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Sudarium
Dressing room (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Apoditerium
for physical exercise (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Palaestra
Place for oils and perfumes (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Unctuaria
Game room (Parts of Thermae Main Building)
Sphaeristerium
With a capacity of 1,600 bathers, second largest of its kind
Thermae of Caracalla, Rome
The emperor who extended Roman Citizenship to all freemen in the empire, Largely, it is to raise taxis for such projects as his wildly popular bath.
The infamous Caracalla A.D 118-217
Largest with capacity of 3,000 bathers
Thermae of Diocletian, Rome
Small private bath in roman palaces and houses containing tepidarium, caldarium, and frigidarium
Balneum
were built up by means of concrete vaulting, and supporting tiers of seats. It was restricted to a semicircle.
Theater or Odeon
The largest nd most important theatre in Rome during the reign of Augustus. The architecture of the theatre would ebcome a standard feature of theatres across the empire and influence the facade of such iconic buildings as the colosseum
Theatre of Marcellus, Rome
An oval or round building with tiers of seats around a central arena, as those used in ancient Rome for gladhatorial contests and spectacles.
Amphitheater or Colosseum
Known as Flavian Amphitheater, commenced by Vespasian and completed by Domitian
The Colosseum, Rome
The essential challenge of the design of this structure was how to facilitate the flow of a + maximum of 50,000 spectators
The Colosseum, Rome
What comprises the ellipse plan of The Colosseum?
80 radiating walls, 76 number of entrances, 4 porticos for entrances to the imperial box
What is the foundation of The Colosseum?
Concrete
What are the interior materials of The Colosseum?
Radial walls of tufa rising to brick-faced concrete at the top
What is the exterior material of The Colosseum?
Tavertine
The structural approach used to carry the seating of The Colosseum?
Arctuated sub-structure
Radiating staircases took people to their seats, each wedge of which was known as?
a cunneus
What are the two functions of the outer ring of corridor of The Colosseum?
To facilitate the movement of the crowds and to buttress the outward thrust of the building
The material for the first three stories of the colosseum accomodating the upper classes
Marble
The material for the seating for the poorer member of the society in the colosseum
Wooden
What can be found below the floor of the colosseum whore the animals participants, and scenery were housed prior io entering the stadium.
a series of corridors and service passapes
horse and chariot racing derived from Greek Hippodrome
Circus
A circus with a total length of 2,000 ft. long and 650 ft. wide and has the capacity of 255.000 spectators.
Circus Maximus, Rome
5 classes of tombs
Coemetria, Monumental, Pyramidal, Temple-shaped, Sculpture memorials
also known as subterranean vaults and later were called Catacombs by the Early Christian period.
Coemetria
2 types of coemetria
Columbaria and Loculi
a type of tomb where niches formed in the rock to receive a vase containing the ashes of the deceased and with the name inscribed thereon.
Columbaria
A type of tomb or recess for corpse were sealed with a front slab inscribed with the name
Loculi
consisted of a large cylindrical blocks, often on a quadrangular podium, topped with a conocal crown or earth or stone.
Monumental Tombs
followed the design of the Egyptian pyramid,
Pyramidal Tombs
usually consisted of a mortuary chapel often having a colonnaded portico or peristyle.
Temple shaped Tombs
minor tombs, small but richly ornate outside.
Sculptured Memorials
erected to commemorate victorious campaign of Emperors and Generals.
Triumphal Arches
It was constructed in c. 82 AD by the Roman Emperor Domitian shortly after the death of his older brother Titus to commemorate
Titus’ victories
Arch of Titus, Rome
Used as a protective wall & commemorative monument.
Town gateways and Archways
Used as an ornamental portals to forum or market places.
Town Gateways and Archways
Arch built main street intersection which were colonnaded
Town Gateways and Archways
An example of a town gateway built by Agustus in the name of his sister.
Portico of Octavia, Rome
were erected to record triumphs of victorious generals (conquered by land)
Pillars of Victory Monumental Columns
An example of monumental columns built in the time of the Emperors to celebrate naval victories and took their name from the rostra or row of captured ships.
Rostral Column, Rome
The marble column is of the Roman Doric order, and it measures 125 feet (38 metres high together with the pedestal, or base, which contains a chamber that served as Trajan’s tomb.
Trajan’s Column
125 feet (38 metres high)
Height of the Trajan’s Column
House for the Emperors
Palaces
largest palace and often called “a city in a house” covered a total of 8 acres, almost the size of Escorial, Spain.
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato
also known as Domus Aurea, was a large landscaped portico villa built by the Emperor Nero in the heart of ancient Rome, after the great fire in A.D. 64 had cleared away the aristocratic dwellings on the slopes of the Palatine Hill.
Golden House of Nero, Rome
3 Types of Roman Dwellings:
Domus, Villa, and Insula
Domus main entrance hall
Vestibulum
Domus: Foyer or where the guests are greeted
Atrium
Domus: Drain pool that gathers rain water
Impluvium
Portico inside the Domus
Fauces
Open living room of Domus
Tablinum
Dining room in Domus
Triclinum
Recesses for conversation in Domus
Alae
Domus bedroom
Cubiculum
Domus kitchen
Culina
Domus servant’s entrance
Posticum
a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and garden, colonnade, palaestrae, theaters, and thermae.
Villa or Country House
multi-leveled tenement also known as Worker’s Dwelling
Insula or Apartment Block
use for water supply, with smooth channel with hard cement and carried on arches, in several tiers
Aqueducts
multi-leveled tenement also known as Worker’s Dwelling
Insula or Apartment Block
striking features of ancient and modern Rome.
Fountains
2 Types of Fountains
Lacus & Salientes
fountain designed similar to a large basin of water
Lacus
fountain similar to a large basin of Water with sprouting jets
Salientes
simple, solid and practical construction designed to resist the rush of water,
Bridge or Pons
