anatonmy & physiology Flashcards
1
Q
basic unit of all living things
A
cells
2
Q
the cells of all living things are composed of -, a colorless jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as fats, carbs, mineral salts, and water present
A
protoplasm
3
Q
dense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell
A
nucleus
4
Q
the protoplasm of a cell, except got the protoplasm that is in the nucleus that surrounds the nucleus, watery fluid that cells need for growth reproduction and self-repair
A
cytoplasm
5
Q
the cell part that encloses the protoplam and permits souble substances to enter and leave the cell
A
cell membrane
6
Q
chemical process that takes place in lining organisms, through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activites
A
metabolism
7
Q
constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. during this provess the body stores water, food and ocygen for the time when these substances will be needed for cell growth, reproduction or repair
A
anabolism
8
Q
phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compunds within the cells into smaller ones. releases the energy that has been stored
A
catabolism
9
Q
- and - are carried out simultaneously and continually within the cells as part of their normal processes
A
anabolism and catabolism
10
Q
a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function
A
tissue
11
Q
fibrosis tissue that binds together, protects and supports the various parts of the body
A
connective tissue
12
Q
protective covering on body surfaces
A
epithelial tissues
13
Q
contacts and moves various parts of the body
A
muscle tissue
14
Q
carries messages to and from the brain controls and coordinates all bodily functions. composed of neurons, which make up the nerves brain and spinal cord
A
nerve tissue
15
Q
tissue that gives smoothness and contour to the body
A
adipose tissue
16
Q
structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions
A
organs
17
Q
comprised of a group o body organs acting together to perform one or more function
A
system
18
Q
groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions
A
body systems
19
Q
controls the body
A
brain
20
Q
controls vision
A
eyes
21
Q
circulates the blood
A
heart
22
Q
excrete water and waste products
A
kidneys
23
Q
removes waste created by digestion
A
liver
24
Q
supply oxygen to the blood
A
lungs
25
external protective coating that covers the body
skin
26
digest food
stomach and intestines
27
the physical foundation of the body
skeletal system
28
study anatomy, structure, and function of the boned
osteology
29
bone is used as a prefix in many med. terms
os
30
controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
circulatory
31
changes food into nutrients and wastes; consist of mouth stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs
digestive
32
affects the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body; consists of specialized glands
endocrine
33
purifies the body by the elimination of waste matter; consists of kidneys, liver, skin large intestine and lungs
excretory
34
serves as a protective covering and helps in regulating the body temperature; consists of the skin and its accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors and hair/nails
integumentary
35
protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing toxins and bacteria
lymphatic or immune
36
covers shapes and supports the skeleton tissue
muscular
37
controls and coordinates all other systems inside and outside the body and make them work together and efficiently; consist of brain spinal cord and nerves
nervous
38
responsible for processes by which plants and animals produce offspring
reproductive
39
the physical foundation of the body; consist of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints
skeleta;
40
the uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
humorous
41
the inner and larger bone of the forearm attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger
ulna
42
smaller bone in the forearm on the same side of the thumb
radius
43
the wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones held together by ligaments
carpus
44
bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges
metacarpus
45
bones of the fingers or toes, or digits
phalanges
46
heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee
femur
47
larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. may be visualized as a bump in the big toe side of the ankle
tibia
48
smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. may be visualized as a bump on the little toe side of the amkle
fibula
49
the accespry bone, forms the cap of the knee joint
patella
50
ankle bone of the foot
talus
51
body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue. contracts and moves various parts of the body
muscular system
52
study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles
myology
53
attached tp the bones and are voluntary or consciously controlled
striated, or skeletal muscles
54
involuntary and function automatically, without conscious will. found in the internal organs of the body such as digestive or respiratory systems
nonstriated or smooth muscles
55
involuntary muscles that is the heart; is not found in any other part of the body
cardiac muscle
56
the part that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and us usually apart of the skeletal muscle
origin
57
the part of the muscle at the more moveable attachment to the muscle
insertion
58
the middle part of the muscle
belly
59
a large, flat triangle muscle covering the lower back
latissimus dorsi
60
muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm
pectoralis major
61
the muscle of the chest that assists n the breathing and raising the arm
serratus anterior
62
muscles that cover the back of the neck and upper-middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging of the arm
trapezius
63
muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm' they lift the forearm and flex the elbow
bicep
64
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
deltoid
65
the large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
tricep
66
muscles that straighten the wrist hand and fingers to form a straight line
extensors
67
extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in bending th wrist
flexors
68
muscles that turn the hand inward so that the pal, faces downward
pronators
69
the muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward
supinator
70
muscles that separate the fingers
abducts
71
muscles at the base of each finger that draw the fingers together
adductors
72
bends the foot up and extends the toes
extensor digitorum longus
73
covers the front of the shin. bends the foot upward and inward
tibialis anterior
74
covers the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward
peroneus longeus
75
originates on the lower surface of the fibula, bends the foot downand turns it outward
peroneus brevis
76
attached to the lower rear surface of the heels and pulls the foot down
gastroncenemius
77
originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down
soleus
78
mves the toes and helps maintain balance while walking
extensor digitor brevis
79
moves the toes and helps maintain balance while walking standing
abductor hallicus
80
moves the toes and helps maintain balance while walking
flexor digitorum brevis
81
well organized body system, composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
nervous system
82
study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system
neurology
83
consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. controls consciousness and many mental activites
central nervous system
84
system of nerves that connected the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves
peripheral nervous system
85
part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and even breathing
autonomic nervous system
86
largest most complex nerve tissue in the body
brain
87
a portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected y the spinal column
spinal cord
88
a nerve cell is the primary structural unit of th nervous system
neuron
89
tree-like branchings of nerve fiber extending from the nerve cell that carries impulses from the nerve cell and receives impulses from other neurons
dendrites
90
sends impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, glands or muscles
axon/axon terminal
91
whitish cords made of bundles of nere fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted
nerves
92
carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain where sensations of touch cold heat sight hearing taste smell and pressure are experienced
sensory/afferent nerves
93
carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands, these impulses produce movement
motor/efferent nerves
94
the automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory nerve to the spinal cord
reflex
95
supples the fingers
digital nerve
96
supples the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand
radial nerve
97
smaller nerve than the ulnar and radial nerves that, within its branches, supplies the arm and hand
median nerve
98
ulnar nerve
with its branches affect the little finger side of the arm an palm of the hand
99
division of the sciatic nerve, passes behind the knee
tibial nerve
100
division of the sciatic nerve extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches
common peroneal nerve
101
extends down the front of the leg behind the muscles
deep peroneal nerve
102
extends down the leg, just under the skin, supplying impulses to the muscles and the skin of the leg as well as the skin on top of the foot
superficial perneol nerve
103
supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot
saphenous nerve
104
supples impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg
sural nerve
105
controls the steady circulation of the blood thru the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
circulatory system
106
consists of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries that distribute blood thru the body
blood vascular system
107
acts as in aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph spaces, lymphatics, lymph nodes
lymph vascular system
108
special structure found inside the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph
lymph nodes
109
clear fluid that circulates in the lymphatics of the body where it helps to carry wastes and impurities away from the cell and is routed back to the circulatory system
lymph
110
body's pump
heart
111
encloses the heart in a double-layered membranous sac
pericardium
112
the heartbeat is regulated by the vagus nerve and other tissues in the ---
autonomic nervous syterm
113
two lower thick-walled chambers are the
right ventricle
114
structures that temporarily close a passage or permit blood flow in only one direction
valves
115
the upper, thin-walled chambers are the right -
atrium
116
sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to purified then back to the heart again
pulmonary circulation
117
general circulation carries the blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart
systemic circulation
118
thick-walled, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries
arteries
119
the largest artery in the body
aorta
120
tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the vein
capillaries
121
thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries
veins
122
nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients tot eh cells and tissue and remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
blood
123
produced in the red bone marrow
red blood cells
124
complex iron protein that binds to oxygen
hemoglobin
125
perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
white blood cells
126
smaller than red blood cells, but also contribute to the blood clotting process
platelets
127
the fluid part of the blood in which red and white blood cells and platelets flow
plasma
128
supply the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
ulnar artery
129
supply the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand
radial artery
130
supplies blood to the foot divides into two separate arteries known as the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery
popliteal
131
supplies impulses to the lower leg muscles and to the muscles on and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes
anterior tibial
132
supplies blood to the ankles and the back of the lower leg
posterior tibial artery
133
supplies the foot with blood
dorsalis pedis artery
134
lymphatic vessels start as tubes that are closed at one end. they can occur individually or in clusters called
lymph capillaries
135
specialized glands that affect the growth, development sexual activies and health of the entire body
endocrine system
136
specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood and convert them into new compounds
glands
137
produce a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts
exocrine glands or duct glands
138
such as thyroid and pituitary glands, release secretions called hormone
endocrine glands or ductless glands
139
plays a major role in sexual development sleep and metabolism
pineal gland
140
most complex organ of the endocrine system affects every physiological process of the body; growth, blood pressure, contractions, breast milk production, sex organ functions in both men and women, thyroid gland fuction, the conversion of food into energy
pituitary glands
141
controls how quickly the body burns energy makes protein, and how sensitive the body is to other hormones
thyroid glands
142
secretes enzymes producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbs, proteins and fats
pancreas
143
secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body including fight or flight response
adrenal glands
144
function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics
ovaries testes
145
the gastrointestinal system responsible for breaking down food into waste
digestive system
146
chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body
digestive enzymes
147
responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter
excretory system
148
enables breathing and consists of the lungs and air passages
respiratory system
149
spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhales air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle
lungs
150
separates the thorax, chest from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
diaphragm
151
made up of the skin and various accessory organs such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors hair and nails
integumentary system
152
performs the function of reproducing snd perpetuating the human race
reproductive system
