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GI Anatomy > Anatomy wk 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy wk 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the oesophagus + where does it begin and end

A

25cm

From pharynx to stomach

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2
Q

Name the 3 areas where there are constrictions in the oesophagus

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Diaphragmatic

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3
Q

What is the vertebral level of the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm

A

T10

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4
Q

Name 4 things that traverse the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm

A

Oesophagus
Vagus nerve
Oesophageal arteries
Lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

Blood supply of the abdominal part of the oesophagus

A

Branches of left gastric artery

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6
Q

Venous drainage of the abdominal part of the oesophagus

A

Left gastric vein

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7
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the abdominal part of the oesophagus

A

Left gastric lymph nodes

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8
Q

The lower end of the oesophagus is a site of portosystemic anastamosis, therefore in portal hypertension, what condition can you get at this site

A

Oesophageal varices

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9
Q

Major symptom of oesophageal varices

A

Haematamesis

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10
Q

How many orifices, curvatures and surfaces does the stomach have

A

2 - cardiac orifice + pyloric orifice

2 - greater + lesser

2 - anterior + posterior

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11
Q

What orifice connects the oesophagus and stomach

A

Cardiac

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12
Q

What orifice connects the stomach and duodenum

A

Pyloric

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13
Q

What is the most superior part of the stomach called

A

Fundus

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14
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter

A

Smooth muscle controlling gastric connects entering duodenum

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15
Q

Pyloric sphincter is formed from the thickening of which histological layer of the gut tube

A

Circular layer of muscularis externa

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16
Q

What are the gastric folds (rug) formed from

A

Folded mucosa and submucosa

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17
Q

7 structures forming the stomach bed (below + behind stomach)

A 
Left dome of diaphragm
Left kidney
Spleen
Pancreas
Left adrenal gland
Colon
Mesocolon
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18
Q

Name the artery coming off the aorta at T12 and the 3 branches it gives not long after branching off the aorta, that goes on to supply the stomach

A

Coeliac trunk

Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery

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19
Q

Name 4 arterial branches that supply the stomach

A

Right gastric artery
Left gastric artery
Left gastro-omental artery (branch of splenic artery)
Right gastro-omental artery (branch of gastroduodenal artery which is branch of common hepatic a)

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20
Q

Venous drainage of the stomach (name the 5 veins and where they drain into each)

A

Right and left gastric veins –> hepatic portal v

Right and left gastro-omental veins –> superior mesenteric v

Short gastric vein –> superior mesenteric v

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21
Q

What group of lymph nodes does the stomach drain into

A

Coeliac lymph node

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22
Q

Gastric carcinoma usually occurs along which curvature of the stomach

A

Greater

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23
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the stomach and controls gastric motility

A

CN X

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24
Q

Increased vagal stimulation of the stomach causes what 2 things

A

Relaxes pyloric sphincter to allow more gastric contents into duodenum

Increases gastric secretion (HCl)

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25
Q

Where does the small intestine begin and end

A

Pylorus of stomach to ileocaecal junction

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26
Q

Which part of the small intestine receives the opening of the common bile and pancreatic duct + the specific name of the area that the ducts enter and the sphincter controlling this area

A

2nd part of duodenum

Enters at the major duodenal papilla controlled by the sphincter of oddi

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27
Q

Foregut/midgut boundary

A

Proximal half of duodenum

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28
Q

Describe how the duodenum is peritonised (2)

A

1st part intraperitoneal

2nd - 4th part retroperitoneal

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29
Q

Which part of is shortest and widest

A

Duodenum

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30
Q 
Describe the jejunum in terms of:
Colour
Wall
Vascularity
Vasa recta
Arcades
Fat in mesentery
Circular folds
A 
Deep red
Thick + heavy
Greater vascularity than ileum
Long vasa recta
Few large loops
Little fat in mesentery compared to ileum
Large, tall and closely packed
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31
Q 
Describe the ileum in terms of:
Colour
Wall
Vascularity
Vasa recta
Arterial arcades (loops)
Fat in mesentery
Circular folds
A

Pale pink
Thin + light
Less vascularity than jejunum
Short vasa recta
Many short loops
More fat in mesentery compared to jejunum
Small, short + sparse folds; absent in distal ileum

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32
Q

Which organ sits in the curve of the duodenum and capable of compressing the common bile and pancreatic duct if there’s a tumour of this organ

A

Pancreas (specifically the head)

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33
Q

3 features that distinguish large intestine from small

A

Omental appendices (yellow fatty tissue)
Haustra
Teniae coli

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34
Q

How is the caecum peritonised

A

Intraperitoneal

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35
Q

How is the ascending colon peritonised

A

Retroperitoneal

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36
Q

How is the descending colon peritonised

A

Retroperitoneal

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37
Q

How is the transverse colon peritonised

A

Intraperitoneal

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38
Q

How is the sigmoid colon peritonised

A

Intraperitoneal

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39
Q

Midgut/hindgut boundary

A

Hindgut begins distal 1/3rd transverse colon

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40
Q

What abdominal region is the caecum and appendix in

A

Right iliac

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41
Q

What 2 structures open into the cavity of the caecum

A

Appendix

Ileum

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42
Q

Normal position of appendix

A

Retrocaecal

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43
Q

What is the McBurney’s point (clinical definition and anatomical definition)

A

Point of max tenderness in appendicitis

Point of right side of abdomen that’s 1/3 of the way from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus

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44
Q

3 parts of the rectum

A

Superior 1/3
Middle 1/3
Inferior 1/3

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45
Q

Arterial supply of superior 1/3 rectum

Arterial supply of middle 1/3 rectum

Arterial supply of inferior 1/3 rectum

A

Superior rectal artery (branch of IMA)

Middle rectal artery (branch of internal iliac a)

Inferior rectal artery (branch of internal iliac a)

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46
Q

What is the superior rectal artery a branch of

A

IMA

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47
Q

What is the middle and inferior rectal artery a branch of

A

Internal iliac a

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48
Q

Venous drainage of the

  • superior 1/3 rectum
  • middle 1/3 rectum
  • inferior 1/3 rectum
A

Superior rectal vein
Middle rectal vein
Inferior rectal vein

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49
Q

How is the rectum peritonised:

A

Retroperitoneal

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50
Q

What 2 other things are involved in faecal continence apart from pelvic floor muscles

A

External and internal anal sphincter

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51
Q

What is the purpose of both somatic and visceral (autonomic) innervation to the anal canal

A

Somatic motor innervation of the external anal sphincter

Autonomic innervation for the smooth muscle of the anal canal

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52
Q

Arterial supply of proximal duodenum (1st and 2nd part)

A

Coeliac artery/trunk

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53
Q

Venous drainage of duodenum

A

Portal system (–> portal vein –> hepatic veins –> IVC)

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54
Q

Lymphatic drainage of duodenum

A

Coeliac group of lymph nodes

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55
Q

Arterial supply of distal duodenum (3rd and 4th part)

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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56
Q

Arterial supply of jejunum and ileum

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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57
Q

Venous drainage of jejunum and ileum

A

Portal system

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58
Q

Lymphatic drainage of jejunum and ileum

A

Superior mesenteric group lymph nodes

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59
Q

Arterial supply of caecum

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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60
Q

Venous drainage of caecum

A

Portal system

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61
Q

Lymphatic drainage of caecum

A

Superior mesenteric group lymph nodes

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62
Q

Arterial supply of ascending colon

A

Superior mesenteric artery

63
Q

Venous drainage of ascending colon

A

Portal system

64
Q

Lymphatic drainage of ascending colon

A

Superior mesenteric group lymph nodes

65
Q

Arterial supply of proximal 2/3 transverse colon

A

Superior mesenteric artery

66
Q

Venous drainage of proximal 2/3 transverse colon

A

Portal system

67
Q

Lymphatic drainage of proximal 2/3 transverse colon

A

Superior mesenteric group lymph nodes

68
Q

Arterial supply of distal 1/3 transverse colon

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

69
Q

Venous drainage of distal 1/3 transverse colon

A

Portal system (vein corresponds to artery so in this case inferior mesenteric vein –> portal vein –> hepatic vein –> IVC)

70
Q

Lymphatic drainage of distal 1/3 transverse colon

A

Inferior mesenteric group lymph nodes

71
Q

Arterial supply of sigmoid colon

A

Inferior mesenteric a

72
Q

Venous drainage of sigmoid colon

A

Portal system

73
Q

Lymphatic drainage of sigmoid colon

A

Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes

74
Q

Lymphatic drainage of majority of rectum

A

Inferior mesenteric group lymph nodes

75
Q

Lymphatic drainage of lower rectum

A

Internal iliac lymph nodes

76
Q

Superior rectal vein drains into what system vs middle/inferior rectal veins drain into what system

A

Superior rectal v –> portal system

Middle/inferior –> systemic venous system (IVC)

77
Q

Nerve supply of the rectum (3 fibre types)

A

ALL AUTONOMIC:

Sympathetic - lumbar splanchnic nerves, Superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

Parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

Visceral sensory - follows the parasympathetic supply

78
Q

Nerve supply of the anal canal (2 types)

A

Autonomic - inferior hypogastric plexus

Somatic motor - inferior rectal nerves

79
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

Separates right and left lobe of liver and joins the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

80
Q

What lies within the free border of the falciform ligament

A

Round ligament of liver

81
Q

What is the round ligament of the liver an embryological remnant of

A

Left umbilical vein

82
Q

What is an omentum (omenta)

A

Double fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs or the body wall

83
Q

What is a mesentery

A

Double fold of continuous peritoneum that attaches your intestines (and other abdominal organs) to the posterior abdo wall

84
Q

What is a ligament in terms of abdominal cavity

A

Double layers of peritoneum which span between organs and organs or body wall

85
Q

How many layers of peritoneum present in greater omentum

A

4

86
Q

What are the paracolic gutters

A

Spaces between the surface of the colon and posterolateral abdo wall

87
Q

Clinical significance of paracolic gutters

A

Passage for infectious fluids that leak in the abdomen

88
Q

List 3 abdominal structures which lie in the free edge of a mesentery

A

Jejunum
Ileum
Transverse colon

89
Q

What 2 layers of muscle are present in the muscularis externa

A

Circular and longitudinal

90
Q

Which third of the oesophagus has skeletal muscle and what muscle type are the other two thirds made of

A

Upper 1/3 skeletal

Other 2/3 are smooth muscle

91
Q

What epithelium lines oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous

92
Q

What type of muscle is the musclaris mucosae in the mucosal layer

A

Smooth

93
Q

What are the large folds called present inside the stomach wall

A

Rugae

94
Q

What 3 cell types are in the gastric pits

A

Mucus neck
Parietal
Chief

95
Q

What are the large folds called extending into the lumen of the small intestine

A

Villi

96
Q

What are superimposed on each villi of the small intestine

A

Microvilli

97
Q

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine

A

Simple columnar

98
Q

What 2 parts of the GI tract do you find glands in the submucosa as well as the lamina propria

A

Oesophagus and duodenum

99
Q

What secretory cells are found the small intestine

A

Goblet - secrete mucous

100
Q

Where do you find Peyer’s patches the most

A

Ileum

101
Q

What is the predominant cell present in the surface epithelium of the colon

A

Goblet cells

102
Q

What is the epithelium transition from rectum to anal canal

A

Simple columnar –> stratified squamous in anal canal

103
Q

What is the transpyloric plane

A

Transverse line halfway between jugular notch and pubic symphysis at L1 level

104
Q

What vertebral level and costal cartilage level is the transpyloric plane

A

L1

8th costal cartilage

105
Q

List 6 structures present in the transpyloric plane

A 
Pylorus of stomach
1st part of duodenum
Hilum of kidneys
Neck of pancreas
8/9th costal cartilage
Gallbladder
106
Q

What costal cartilage level is the gallbladder

A

9th

107
Q

Name 6 imaging procedures used to investigate GI diseases

A 
Barium study
Endoscopy
CT
MRI
USS
XR
108
Q

What organ is a barium meal used for

What organ is a barium swallow used for

A

Stomach

Oesophagus

109
Q

Name the 4 types of barium studies

A

Barium swallow
Barium meal
Barium follow through
Barium enema

110
Q

What organ is a barium follow through used for

A

SI

111
Q

What organ is a barium enema used for

A

LI

112
Q

Kidneys vertebral level range

A

T12 - L3

113
Q

Name 5 accessory organs of the GI tract

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Kidneys
SpleenPANCREAS

114
Q

How is the spleen peritonised

A

Intraperitoneal

115
Q

Does the spleen move with respiration + what other abdo organ moves with respiration

A

Yes

Liver

116
Q

Name 3 structures present in the hilum of the spleen

A

Splenic artery
Splenic vein
Lymphatic vessels and nerves

117
Q

The tail of which organ is closely related to the hilum of the spleen

A

Pancreas

118
Q

4 functions of the spleen

A

Storage/production of RBCs
Blood filtration
Storage of WBCs
Phagocytosis

119
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas

A

BOTH exocrine + endocrine

120
Q

What does the exocrine part of the pancreas do + what does the endocrine pancreas do

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

Secrete hormones

121
Q

4 components of the pancreas

A

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

122
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised

A

Retroperitoneal

123
Q

Which vein is posterior to the neck of the pancreas

A

Portal v

124
Q

What quadrant is the liver in

A

RUQ

125
Q

How many lobes does the liver have + name them + which is the biggest

A

Right - biggest
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

126
Q

What ligament connects the liver to the undersurface of the diaphragm

A

Coronary ligament

127
Q

Which lobe of the liver has the bare area + what is it

A

Right

Area not covered by peritoneum, directly contacts diaphragm

128
Q

What is the porta hepatis

A

Area of the liver where structures enter and leave

129
Q

Name 3 structures in the porta hepatis

A

Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Bile duct

130
Q

What ligament is wrapped around the 3 structures in the porta hepatis

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

131
Q

Extrahepatic biliary apparatus consists of what 5 things

A 
L & R hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Gallbladder
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
132
Q

Common bile duct is formed by the union of what 2 ducts

A

Cystic and common hepatic

133
Q

What organ produces bile + what stores bile

A

Liver

Gallbladder

134
Q

Where does bile enter the gut tube

A

Major duodenal papilla in the 2nd part of duodenum

135
Q

Bile function

A

Emulsify fats

136
Q

What do the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join to form

A

Hepatopancreatic duct

137
Q

What is biliary obstruction + potential causes

A

When passage of bile into duodenum is partially or completely blocked

Gallstones
Cancer of head of pancreas

138
Q

What is calot’s triangle

A

Triangular space formed by cystic duct, common hepatic duct and inferior surface of liver

139
Q

3 histological features of pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans - clumps of poorly stained cells
Pure serious acini - large strongly stained cells
Small lobules surrounded by connective tissue septa

140
Q

How to differentiate between exocrine and endocrine pancreas on histology

A

Endocrine pancreas will have small clumps of lightly stained cells (islets of langerhans)

Exocrine pancreas more strongly stained because they secrete enzymes which are protein which is strongly stained

141
Q

2 histological features of liver

A

Cells arranged in sheets and converging towards the centre (central vein in centre)

At the corners of a lobule, connective tissue encloses the vessels of the portal triad

142
Q

Spleen is covered by what

A

Dense fibromuscular capsule formed of collagen and elastic fibres

143
Q

What is the parenchyma of the spleen called

A

Pulp

144
Q

What is the red pulp of the spleen

A

Made up of sinusoids (large wide capillaries filled with blood) where most blood filtration occurs

145
Q

What is the white pulp of the spleen

A

Made up of plasma cells and lymphocytes

146
Q

Surface anatomy position of gallbladder

A

9th costal cartilage

147
Q

Surface anatomy position of the spleen

A

9th - 11th ribs

148
Q

Which abdominal plane crosses the pancreas + which part of the pancreas does it pass through

A

Transpyloric

Neck of pancreas

149
Q

What imaging modality can be used to view the arteries coming off the abdominal aorta

A

Abdominal arteriography

150
Q

What nerve is secretomotor to stomach

A

Vagus

151
Q

What parts of the GI tract are goblet cells found more in

A

Distal ileum + LI

152
Q

Does LI have villi

A

No

153
Q

What vein drains the liver

A

Hepatic vein

NOT PORTAL - PORTAL V IS ACTUALLY A BLOOD SUPPLY OF LIVER

GI Anatomy (21 decks)

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