Anatomy - Uterus And Mammary Gland Flashcards
What are the three main parts of the uterus?
Fundus
Body
Cervix
Where is the uterus situated in the lesser pelvis?
Between the bladder and rectum
What organs are anterior and posterior (related) to the uterus?
Anterior- urinary bladder
Posterior - coils of small intestines and sigmoid colon
What is the average length, breadth, and thickness of the uterus in adults?
3x2x1 (inches)
Weight - 30-40gms
With what structures does the uterus communicate superiorly and inferiorly?
Superiorly - Uterine tubes
Inferiorly - Vagina
What is the angle of anteversion and anteflexion formed at?
Anteversion - 90 degrees
Anterflexion - 170 degrees
Where is the fundus located relative to the entry point of the uterine tubes?
Superiorly to the entry
Where does a fertilized ovum usually implant in the uterus?
Posterior wall of the Fundus
Name the two surfaces of the body of the uterus.
Anterior and posterior
What structure attaches to the lateral borders of the uterus?
Suspensory ligament
Describe the location of the vesico-uterine pouch relative to the bladder and uterus
The Vesico- uterine pouch is lactated between the bladder and uterus
What organs are related to the posterior surface of the uterus?
Coils of the intestine and sigmoid colon
What is the recto-uterine pouch also known as?
Pouch located between the rectum and uterus
What structures attach to the lateral border of the uterus?
Ureter and uterine artery
What is the cavity of the cervix called?
Cervical canal
With what does the cervical canal communicate anterosuperiorly and inferiorly?
Anterosuperiorly - body of the uterus via internal os
Inferiorly - body of the vagina via external os
What are the two parts of the cervix?
Supra-vaginal
Vaginal part
What are vaginal fornices and how are they formed?
Vaginal fornices are longitudinal ridges formed in the vagina canal.
What structures are anterior, posterior, and on each side of the cervix?
Anterior- bladder
Posterior - recto- uterine pouch, intestines and sigmoid colon
Each side - ureter and uterine artery
What are the false ligaments of the uterus?
Recto- vaginal fold
Recto- uterine fold
Uteri- vesicle fold
Broad ligament
Name the anterior and posterior false ligaments of the uterus.
Anterior - uteri- vesical fold
Posterior - recto- vaginal fold
What are the parts, surfaces and borders of the broad ligament of the uterus?
Parts - Anterior and posterior
Surfaces - upper, lower, medial and lateral
Parts- mesosalphinx, mesovarium, mesoendometrium
What structures does the upper border of the broad ligament contain?
Uterine tube
Ovarian and uterine vessels
Round ligament of uterus
Ligament of ovary
Remnants of mesophrenic duct
What are the primary supports of the uterus?
Ueuro- genital diaphragm
Perineal body
Pelvic diaphragm
What are the secondary supports (true ligaments) of the uterus?
Round ligament of uterus
Mackenrodt’s ligament
Utero - sacral ligament
Pubo-cervical ligament
Describe the round ligament of the uterus, including its length, attachments, and function
The round ligament of uterus:
1) 10-12cm
2) Attaches to the lateral angle of uterus
3) Remanant of the gubernaculum of the ovary
4) It pushes the Fundus forward, and maintains the anteversion and anteflexion of the uterus
From what is Mackenrodt’s ligament derived and what is its function?
- Condensation of parametric tissue
- It holds the cervix in place and prevents the downward displacement of the uterus in the vagina
What is another name for Mackenrodt’s ligament?
Cardinal ligament of uterus
Where do the uterosacral ligaments extend and what is their function?
= It extends from the cervix to the 3rd sacral vertebrae
= It’s pushing the cervix backwards and help maintain anteversion and anteflexion
Where do the pubocervical ligaments extend and what is their function?
It extends from the cervix to the pubic bone and it pulls the cervix forward.
What artery provides the main blood supply to the uterus?
Uterine and ovarian arteries
From which artery does the uterine and ovarian artery branch?
Uterine: Internal iliac artery
Ovarian: Abdominal aorta - L1
What branches does the uterine artery give off after crossing the ureter?
Tubular, Cervical, vaginal, pelvic branches
State the Venous drainage of the uterus
Uterine and ovarian veins
From where does the fundus drain lymphatically?
Pre- para aortic lymph nodes
From where does the cervix drain lymphatically?
External and internal iliac, obturator and sacral lymph nodes
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supplies to the uterus?
Sympathetic - T12- L1
Parasympathetic - S2-S4
From what does the uterus develop?
Paramesophrenic duct
Give the incision pathway for a C- section.
Skin > superficial fascia > anterior wall of rectus sheath> rectus abdominis muscle > fascia transversalis
What are the three layers of the uterus?
Endometrium
Myometrium (thickest layer)
Serosa
What is endometriosis and where can it occur?
Presence of endometrial tissues outside the uterus.
Site - ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, uterine ligaments, etc
What are fibroids and what are the three varieties?
Fibroids are benign tumors of myometrial cells.
Varieties - submucous, subserous and intramural
List some risk factors of cervical cancers
HPV
Behavioral and sexual factors
Multiple sex partners
Oral contraceptive
Early sexual activity
Smoking
Describe the shape of the cervix
Piriform and pear shaped structure
What type of gland is the mammary gland considered to be?
Aprocrine gland
Which hormones stimulate the growth and branching of the ducts in the mammary gland?
Oestrogen
Which hormone stimulates alveolar formation in the mammary gland?
Progesterone
Which hormones are responsible for the formation of true secretory alveoli during pregnancy?
Oestrogen and Progesterone
Which hormones maintain lactation?
Prolactin
Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection from the breast?
Oxytocin.
Stimulated by suckling of the breast.
Where is the mammary gland situated?
Superficial fascia in the pectoral region
Describe the vertical and horizontal extent of the mammary gland.
Vertical - 2nd - 6th intercostal space midclavicular
Horizontal - Lateral end
What are the related structures the deep aspect of the breast?
Pectoral fascia
Pectoralis major
Surratus minor
External oblique
What separates the breast from the pectoral fascia?
Retromammary space
What are the main components of the architecture of the mammary gland?
Skin
Stroma
Parachyema/ glandular tissue
Where is the nipple located on the breast?
Level of the 4th intercostal space
What type of muscle fibers are contained in the nipple?
Smooth muscle fibers
What type of glands are found in the areola?
Sebaceous glands
What is the function of the secretions from the sebaceous glands in the areola?
Prevent the cracking and drying of the nipple
What forms the bulk of the breast tissue?
Fat
How many lobes does the parenchyma of the mammary gland consist of, and how are they arranged?
15-20 and there are arranged in a radial fashion
What is the function of the lactiferous sinus?
Serves as a reservoir for milk
What arteries supply the mammary gland?
Internal thoracic artery
Lateral and superior thoracic artery
Thoracomical artery
Posterior intercostal artery
What is the largest perforating artery that supplies the upper region of the breast, nipple, and areola?
2nd perforating artery.
Give the Venous supply of the mammary gland.
Superficial veins - internal thoracic vein
Deep veins - internal thoracic vein, auxiliary and posterior intercostal vein
