Anatomy- Pituitary, Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands Flashcards
Where is the pituitary gland located?
a) In the thyroid cartilage
b) In the hypophyseal fossa on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid
c) Suspended from the floor of the fourth ventricle
B) In the hypophyseal fossa on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid
Which structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
a) Diaphragma sellae
b) Optic chiasma
c) Infundibulum
d) Anterior communicating artery
C) Infundibulum
Which of the following is NOT a part of the adenohypophysis?
a) Pars anterior
b) Pars intermedia
c) Pars tuberalis
d) Pars nervosa
D) Pars nervosa
What is the remnant of Rathke’s pouch called?
a) Intraglandular cleft
b) Diaphragma sellae
c) Infundibulum
d) Median eminence
A) Intraglandular cleft
Which of the following cells secrete growth hormone?
a) Chromophobes
b) Basophils
c) Acidophils
d) Pituicytes
C) Acidophils
footnote
Acidophils - growth hormone and prolactin
Basophils - FSH, TSH, LH, ACTH
Which vertebrae does the thyroid gland extend between?
a) C1-C4
b) C5-T1
c) T2-T5
d) L1-L4
B) C5-T1
Which of the following is unique to the thyroid gland?
a) It is not dependent on iodine.
b) It immediately releases hormones into the blood after formation.
c) It is located deep within the body.
d) It stores hormones before releasing them
D) It stores hormones before releasing them
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
a) Pyramidal lobe
b) Levator glandulae thyroideae
c) Isthmus
d) Suspensory ligament
C) Isthmus
Which ligament explains why the thyroid gland moves during swallowing?
a) Levator glandulae thyroideae
b) Suspensory ligament
c) Outer false capsule
d) Inner true capsule
B) Suspensory Ligament
Which artery supplies the upper 1/3 of the thyroid lobe?
a) Inferior thyroid artery
b) Thyroidea ima artery
c) Superior thyroid artery
d) Oesophageal artery
C) Superior thyroid artery
How many parathyroid glands are there usually?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 6
C) 4
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland?
a) Calcitonin
b) Thyroxine
c) Parathormone
d) Triiodothyronine
C) PTH
The superior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch?
a) Second
b) Third
c) Fourth
d) Fifth
C) 4TH
Which artery primarily supplies the parathyroid glands?
a) Superior thyroid artery
b) Inferior thyroid artery
c) Middle thyroid artery
d) Thyroidea ima artery
B) Inferior thyroid artery
What type of cells secrete parathyroid hormone?
a) Oxyphil cells
b) Follicular cells
c) Parafollicular cells
d) Principal cells
D) Principal cells
Calcitonin is secreted?
Para follicular cells (C- cells)
Regulates calcium metabolism
State the development of the thyroid gland
Endodermal origin
Give the medial, antero-lateral and postero- lateral relations of the thyroid gland.
Medial- trachea, esophagus, cricothyroid and inf. Constrictor muscle.
Superficial - omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid
Postero- lateral - common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
State the blood supply of the thyroid artery
Superior (1/3) and inferior thyroid artery (2/3)
footnote
Superior thyroid artery is the branch from external carotid artery
Inferior - branch from the thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery
Give the blood supply of the isthmus.
Thyroidea ima artery - arch of aorta
Give the anterior and posterior surface relations of the isthmus of the thyroid gland.
Anterior - skin, superficial fascia, anterior jugular vein
Posterior- 2 & 4 pharyngeal arches
Give the upper and lower boarder relations of the isthmus
Upper - superior thyroid artery
Lower - Thyroidea ina artery (if present)
Give the Apex and base relations of the thyroid gland.
Apex - Sterno- thyroid, Superior thyroid artery, external laryngeal nerve
Base - Inferior thyroid artery, recurrent laryngeal nerve
Give the anterior and posterior boarder relations of the thyroid gland.
Anterior - superior thyroid artery
Posterior - Inferior thyroid artery, thoracic duct and superior and inferior parathyroid glands
State the measurements and weight of the thyroid gland.
Measure- 3x2x1 (lxbxw)
Weight - 25gms
Give the venous supply of the thyroid gland and its origin.
Middle, superior, inferior and 4th thyroid vein.
Middle, superior and 4th vein- internal jugular vein
Inferior - brachiocephalic vein
What is secreted from the thyroid follicles?
T3 AND T4
Note: they are housed in a structure called colloid
List the secretion of Parafollicular cells.
Calcitonin
State the development of the thyroid artery.
Endodermal
Forman caecum
What is the development of the inferior parathyroid glands?
3rd pharyngeal arches
Give the measurement and weight of the pituitary gland.
Measure - 8x12
Weight - 500mg
Blood supply of pituitary gland and its origin
Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries
State the anterior and posterior relations of the pituitary gland.
Ante and poste inter-cavernous sinus
What structures are related above the pituitary gland?
Sphenoid bone w/ sphenoid air sinus
What structures are related to both sides of the pituitary gland?
Cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
List the structure related below the pituitary gland.
Optic chiasma
List the structures found in the andenohypophysis and state their secretions.
Acidophils - prolactin and growth hormone
Basophils - TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH
List the hormone secreted by Pars Intermedia.
MSH
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
State location of the Par Intermedia.
Between the posterior and anterior pituitary gland.
What structure is located between the Pars intermedia and adenohypophysis?
Intraglandular cleft
What is the significance of Neurohypophysis.
Secretes ADH and oxytocin
Consist of herring bodies
State the development for the following:
A) Adenohypohysis
B) Intraglandular cleft
C) Neurohypophysis
A - Rathke pouch (anterior end)
B- Rathke Pouch (posterior)
C- infundibulum
Give the lining of the thyroid gland when resting and secreting?
Resting - simple cubodial epithelial
Secretion - simple columnar epithelium
What clinical conditions is caused by hypothyroidism?
Cretinism in infants
Myxoedema in adults
What clinical conditions is caused by hyperthyroidism?
Graves’ disease
State the function of PTH.
Enhances calcium absorption in the gut
Increase calcium reabsorption in the distal tubules
Increase bone absorption in the osteoclasts
List the structures found in the parathyroid gland and give its significance.
Principal/ chief cells - secrete PTH
Oxyphil cells - function unknown
Measurement and weight of parathyroid?
Measurement - 6x3x1-2
Weight - 50mg
State the development of the pituitary gland.
Ectodermal
