Anatomy Upper Limb Flashcards
Winged scapula
long thoracic nerve, serratus anterior muscle
Axillary nerve damage by which fracture and causes what
fracture of surgical neck of humerus (risk of posterior circumflex artery damage too)
Causes paralysis of deltoid and teres minor –> can’t abduct limb
What structure runs through the intertubercular groove of the humerus
tendon of long head of biceps brachii
Rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres major (attach to greater tuberosity)
Subscapularis (attaches to lesser tuberosity)
Mid shaft of humerus fracture causes what injury
radial nerve and profunda brachii artery injury (found in radial/spiral groove)
Radial nerve innervates extensor muscles of wrist –> wrist drop with sensory loss of 3 fingers
+ impaired elbow extension (innervates triceps)
Relation between ulnar nerve and elbow
ulnar nerve passes in groove posterior to the medial epicondyle
Supracondylar fracture consequences
- brachial artery injury –> Volkman’s ischemic contracture: Uncontrolled hand flexion
- ulnar and radial nerve
- anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median) –> weakness of flexor pollicis longus, can’t make okay sign/pinch
Bones of wrist joint
distal radius, scaphoid, lunate
Colle’s fracture
fracture of the distal radius, structures distal to the fracture (wrist and hand) are displaced posteriorly, ‘dinner fork deformity’.
Smith’s fracture
falling onto the back of the hand, opposite of Colles’ fracture, as the distal fragment is displaced anteriorly
Monteggia’s fracture
proximal shaft of ulna is fractured, head of radius dislocates (ulna and radius connected by interosseous membrane)
Galeazzi’s fracture
distal radius fracture, distal ulna dislocates
Scaphoid fracture risk
Avascular necrosis (retrograde blood supply) Missed diagnosis are likely to develop osteoarthritis of the wrist later
Boxer’s fracture
5th metacarpal neck fracture, clenched fist striking hard object
Bennett’s fracture
Fracture of 1st metacarpal base, due to hyperabduction of thumb
Pectoralis major innervation and function
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Adduction and medial rotation of arm
Pectoralis minor innervation and function
Medial pectoral nerves
Stabilizes scapula
Accessory nerve injury cause and effect
Medical procedure (cervical LN biopsy, cannulation of internal jugular vein) Trapezius weakness, can’t shrug his shoulders, asymmetrical neckline
Latissimus dorsi innervation
Thoracodorsal nerve
Latissimus dorsi innervation
Thoracodorsal nerve
Anterior compartment muscles of arm and innervation and blood supply
BBC: Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis
Innervated by musculocutaneous nerve
Brachial artery
Bicep tendon reflex which spinal cord
C6
Popeye sign
Long head of biceps rupture
Sign appears when flexing the elbow
Posterior compartment of upper arm
Triceps brachii
Innervated by radial nerve
Blood supply: profunda brachii artery
Triceps tendon reflex spinal cord
C7
Muscles of anterior compartment of forearm
“Flexor muscles” -> flexion of wrist and fingers
Superficial: flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, palmaris longus
Intermediate: flexor digitorum superficialis
Deep: flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
Anterior compartment of forearm blood supply
Radial artery and ulnar artery
Anterior compartment of forearm innervation
All muscles are innervated by median nerve (and anterior interosseous nerve: flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus)
EXCEPT: flexor carpi ulnaris + medial half of flexor digitorum profundus —> ulnar nerve
Anterior compartment of forearm attachment on elbow
Medial epicondyle
Posterior compartment of forearm
“Extensor muscles”:
Superficial: extension of wrist and fingers (mainly without thumb)
Deep: extension of thumb and index finger, supination of forearm
all extensors EXCEPT brachioradialis: elbow flexion
Posterior compartment of forearm innervation
Radial nerve
Posterior compartment of forearm attachment on elbow
Lateral epicondyle
Tennis elbos
Lateral epicondylitis due to repeated use of superficial extensor muscles of forearm
thenar muscles innervation
median nerve
opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis
hypothenar muscles innervation
ulnar nerve
opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis
carpals proximal and distal rows
proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
