Anatomy Neuro/Brain Flashcards
embryological origin of cerebrum
prosencephalon
what are the 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by
falx cerebri of dura mater
above what is the cerebrum located inferoposteriorly
tentorium cerebelli
internal structures of cerebrum and function
grey matter: surface (cerebral cortex), processing and cognition
white matter: deep, has glial cell and myelinated axons, connects grey matter
what connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum (white matter)
frontal lobe function
higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct and language (dominant hemisphere side only)
parietal lobe function
language and calculation on dominant hemisphere side, visuospatial functions (2-point discrimination) on non-dominant hemisphere
temporal lobe function
memory and language, hearing (primary auditory cortex)
occipital lobe function
vision (primary visual cortex)
blood supply to cerebrum
Anterior Cerebral Arteries – branches of internal carotid arteries, supplying the anteromedial aspect
Middle Cerebral Arteries – continuation of internal carotid arteries, supplying lateral portions
Posterior Cerebral Arteries – branches of the basilar arteries, supplying medial and lateral sides posteriorly
what are dural venous sinuses
endothelial lined spaces between outer and inner layers of dura mater, cerebral veins drain into them
frontal lobe CVA
personality and behavioural changes, inability to solve problems
temporal lobe CVA
recognition deficits, can’t recognize basic sounds or faces
parietal lobe CVA
attention deficits, contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome
occipital lobe CVA
visual field defects: contralateral hemianopia or quadrantanopia with macular sparing
basal ganglia function and blood supply
feedback circuit: motor refinement, modulating emotional responses
middle cerebral artery
cerebellar dysfunction by parts
cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum: problems in carrying out skilled and planned movements and motor learning
vestibulocerebellum: loss of balance, abnormal gait with a wide stance
cerebellum dysfunction major manifestations
DANISH Dysdiadochokinesia Ataxia Nystagmus (coarse) Intention tremor Scanning speech Hypotonia
which layer of meninges is avascular
arachnoid mater
dural venous sinuses drain into
internal jugular vein
extradural hematoma origin of bleed
arterial blood from middle meningeal artery
subdural hematoma origin of bleed
venous blood from cerebral veins
what does subarachnoid space contain
CSF
meningitis common organisms
Neisseria meningitidis, Strep pneumoniae
pineal gland location and function
attached to posterior of third ventricle
releases melatonin - regulates circadian rhythm
pineal gland tumor characteristic features
Parinaud syndrome: can’t move eyes upwards(superior colliculi compression)
cerebral aqueduct obstruction –> hydrocephalus
accelerated onset of puberty in kids
pituitary gland location
suspended from underside of brain by stalk and sits in a depression in the sphenoid bone “sella turcica”
origin arteries for brain blood supply
vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries
terminal branches of these create circle of Willis
level of bifurcation of common carotid artery
C4
internal carotid arteries pathway to brain
move through carotid sheath after bifurcation to enter the brain through carotid canal of temporal bone (they don’t supply face or neck)
internal carotid arteries branches
ophthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior choroidal, anterior cerebral arteries
they continue off as middle cerebral arteries
Vertebral arteries origin and pathway to brain
From subclavian arteries, travel through transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and enter cranial cavity through foramen magnum (occipital bone)
Branches of vertebral artery
Meningeal branch, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Then the 2 vertebral join to become basilar artery which terminates by bifurcating into posterior cerebral arteries
Arterial circle of willis components
Anterior cerebral arteries (ICA)
Internal carotid arteries (next to origin of MCA)
Posterior cerebral arteries (BA)
2 connecting vessels: anterior + posterior communicating arteries
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Clot in sinus mostly due to infection from paranasal sinuses or danger zone of face
Spread due to anastomosis between facial vein and superior ophthalmic vein
Features: headache, unilateral periorbital edema, proptosis (eye bulging), photophobia and cranial nerve palsies (abducens nerve (CN VI))
Can progress to meningitis
