Anatomy Neuro/Brain

Question 1

embryological origin of cerebrum

Answer 1

prosencephalon

Question 2

what are the 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by

Answer 2

falx cerebri of dura mater

Question 3

above what is the cerebrum located inferoposteriorly

Answer 3

tentorium cerebelli

Question 4

internal structures of cerebrum and function

Answer 4

grey matter: surface (cerebral cortex), processing and cognition
white matter: deep, has glial cell and myelinated axons, connects grey matter

Question 5

what connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Answer 5

corpus callosum (white matter)

Question 6

frontal lobe function

Answer 6

higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct and language (dominant hemisphere side only)

Question 7

parietal lobe function

Answer 7

language and calculation on dominant hemisphere side, visuospatial functions (2-point discrimination) on non-dominant hemisphere

Question 8

temporal lobe function

Answer 8

memory and language, hearing (primary auditory cortex)

Question 9

occipital lobe function

Answer 9

vision (primary visual cortex)

Question 10

blood supply to cerebrum

Answer 10

Anterior Cerebral Arteries – branches of internal carotid arteries, supplying the anteromedial aspect
Middle Cerebral Arteries – continuation of internal carotid arteries, supplying lateral portions
Posterior Cerebral Arteries – branches of the basilar arteries, supplying medial and lateral sides posteriorly

Question 11

what are dural venous sinuses

Answer 11

endothelial lined spaces between outer and inner layers of dura mater, cerebral veins drain into them

Question 12

frontal lobe CVA

Answer 12

personality and behavioural changes, inability to solve problems

Question 13

temporal lobe CVA

Answer 13

recognition deficits, can’t recognize basic sounds or faces

Question 14

parietal lobe CVA

Answer 14

attention deficits, contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome

Question 15

occipital lobe CVA

Answer 15

visual field defects: contralateral hemianopia or quadrantanopia with macular sparing

Question 16

basal ganglia function and blood supply

Answer 16

feedback circuit: motor refinement, modulating emotional responses
middle cerebral artery

Question 17

cerebellar dysfunction by parts

Answer 17

cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum: problems in carrying out skilled and planned movements and motor learning
vestibulocerebellum: loss of balance, abnormal gait with a wide stance

Question 18

cerebellum dysfunction major manifestations

Answer 18

DANISH
Dysdiadochokinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus (coarse)
Intention tremor
Scanning speech
Hypotonia

Question 19

which layer of meninges is avascular

Answer 19

arachnoid mater

Question 20

dural venous sinuses drain into

Answer 20

internal jugular vein

Question 21

extradural hematoma origin of bleed

Answer 21

arterial blood from middle meningeal artery

Question 22

subdural hematoma origin of bleed

Answer 22

venous blood from cerebral veins

Question 23

what does subarachnoid space contain

Answer 23

CSF

Question 24

meningitis common organisms

Answer 24

Neisseria meningitidis, Strep pneumoniae

Question 25

pineal gland location and function

Answer 25

attached to posterior of third ventricle | releases melatonin - regulates circadian rhythm

Question 26

pineal gland tumor characteristic features

Answer 26

Parinaud syndrome: can't move eyes upwards(superior colliculi compression) cerebral aqueduct obstruction --> hydrocephalus accelerated onset of puberty in kids

Question 27

pituitary gland location

Answer 27

suspended from underside of brain by stalk and sits in a depression in the sphenoid bone "sella turcica"

Question 28

origin arteries for brain blood supply

Answer 28

vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries | terminal branches of these create circle of Willis

Question 29

level of bifurcation of common carotid artery

Answer 29

C4

Question 30

internal carotid arteries pathway to brain

Answer 30

move through carotid sheath after bifurcation to enter the brain through carotid canal of temporal bone (they don't supply face or neck)

Question 31

internal carotid arteries branches

Answer 31

ophthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior choroidal, anterior cerebral arteries they continue off as middle cerebral arteries

Question 32

Vertebral arteries origin and pathway to brain

Answer 32

From subclavian arteries, travel through transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and enter cranial cavity through foramen magnum (occipital bone)

Question 33

Branches of vertebral artery

Answer 33

Meningeal branch, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar artery Then the 2 vertebral join to become basilar artery which terminates by bifurcating into posterior cerebral arteries

Question 34

Arterial circle of willis components

Answer 34

Anterior cerebral arteries (ICA) Internal carotid arteries (next to origin of MCA) Posterior cerebral arteries (BA) 2 connecting vessels: anterior + posterior communicating arteries

Question 35

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Answer 35

Clot in sinus mostly due to infection from paranasal sinuses or danger zone of face Spread due to anastomosis between facial vein and superior ophthalmic vein Features: headache, unilateral periorbital edema, proptosis (eye bulging), photophobia and cranial nerve palsies (abducens nerve (CN VI)) Can progress to meningitis