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MRCS > Anatomy Head > Flashcards

Anatomy Head Flashcards

1
Q

what nerve injury causes impaired tear secretion

A

greater petrosal nerve (from facial nerve)

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2
Q

Where do the cranial nerves arise from

A 
1+2 from cerebrum
Rest from brainstem
3 midbrain pontine junction
4 midbrain
5 pons
6 - 8 pontine medulla junction
8 - 11 medulla oblongata posterior to olive
12 medulla anterior to olive
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3
Q

What cranial nerves exit through canals

A

2 + 12

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4
Q

CN1

A

olfactory

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5
Q

CN2

A

optic

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6
Q

CN3

A

oculomotor

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7
Q

CN4

A

trochlear

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8
Q

CN5

A

trigeminal

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9
Q

CN6

A

abducens

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10
Q

CN7

A

facial

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11
Q

CN8

A

vestibulocochlear

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12
Q

CN9

A

glossopharyngeal

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13
Q

CN10

A

vagus

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14
Q

CN11

A

spinal accessory

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15
Q

CN12

A

hypoglossal

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16
Q

CN1 exit and function

A

cribriform plate

smell

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17
Q

CN2 exit and function

A

optic canal

vision

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18
Q

CN3 exit and function

A

superior orbital fissure
4 extrinsic eye muscles (superior, medial and inferior rectus, inferior oblique) and levator palpebrae superioris
+ pupillary sphincter (constricts pupil)

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19
Q

CN4 exit and function

A

superior orbital fissure

contralateral superior oblique muscle

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20
Q

CN5 exit and function

A

ophthalmic V1:
superior orbital fissure
sensation to scalp, forehead, cornea, nose

maxillary V2:
foramen rotundum
sensation to cheeks, lower eye lid, nasal mucosa, upper lip, upper teeth, palate

mandibular V3:
foramen ovale
sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue, skin over mandible, lower teeth, chin
+ muscles of mastication

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21
Q

CN6 exit and function

A

superior orbital fissure

lateral rectus muscle

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22
Q

CN7 exit and function

A

internal acoustic meatus > stylomastoid foramen
sensation to part of external ear + taste from anterior 2/3 tongue, hard and soft palate
+ muscles of facial expression
+ lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands and mucous glands of mouth and nose

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23
Q

CN8 exit and function

A

internal acoustic meatus

hearing and balance

24
Q

CN9 exit and function

A 
jugular foramen
sensation to posterior 1/3 tongue, external ear, and middle ear cavity
\+ carotid body and sinus
\+ taste from post. 1/3 tongue
\+ parotid gland, stylopharyngeus
25
Q

CN10 exit and function

A

jugular foramen
sensation to external ear, larynx and pharynx
+ sensation from larynx, pharynx and, thoracic & abdominal viscera
+ taste from epiglottis region of tongue
+ smooth muscles of pharynx, larynx and most of the GIT, most muscles of pharynx and larynx.

26
Q

CN11 exit and function

A

jugular foramen

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

27
Q

CN12 exit and function

A

hypoglossal canal

intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus)

28
Q

What nerve is surrounded by cranial meninges

A

Optic nerve

unlike other nerves surrounded by epi-, peri- and endoneurium

29
Q

cavernous sinus thrombosis can cause which nerve palsy

A

oculomotor and abducens

they travel through the cavernous sinus

30
Q

oculomotor nerve palsy features

A

ptosis (drooping upper eyelid)
down and out position of eye
dilated pupil

31
Q

trochlear nerve palsy

A

diplopia

head tilt away from affected side

32
Q

muscles concerned in corneal reflex

A

V1 of trigeminal as afferent

facial as efferent

33
Q

abducens nerve palsy

A

affected eye resting in adduction

34
Q

where does the facial nerve divide into 5 terminal branches

A

within parotid gland

35
Q

what are the facial nerve branches

A 
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch

responsible for innervating muscles of facial expression

36
Q

intracranial vs extracranial lesions to facial nerve features

A

intracranial:
muscle of facial expression weakened or paralyzed
+ chorda tympani - reduced salivation and loss of taste on the ipsilateral 2/3 of the tongue
OR nerve to stapedius – ipsilateral hyperacusis (hypersensitive to sound)
OR greater petrosal nerve – ipsilateral reduced lacrimal fluid production

extracranial: only weakness of muscles

NB: if no cause found –> Bell’s palsy

37
Q

otitis media complications

A

infection of middle ear

  • otitis media with effusion –> glue ear, decrease in hearing
  • mastoiditis –> infection of air cells
  • meningitis –> when mastoiditis spreads to the middle cranial fossa and into the brain
38
Q

meniere’s disease

A

disease of inner ear
episodes of vertigo, low-pitched tinnitus, hearing loss
excess accumulation of endolymph in membranous labyrinth –> damage thin membranes of ear that detect balance and sound

39
Q

levator palpebrae superioris function and innervation

A

elevates the upper eyelid

oculomotor nerve

40
Q

superior and inferior rectus muscles function and innervation

A

superior: elevates eye
inferior: moves eye downwards
both innervated by oculomotor nerve

41
Q

medial and lateral rectus function and innervation

A

medial: adducts eye –> oculomotor nerve
lateral: abducts eye –> abducens nerve

42
Q

superior and inferior oblique function and innervation

A

superior: down and out –> trochlear
inferior: up and out –> oculomotor

43
Q

mnemonic for extraocular muscles innervation

A

LR6 - SO4 - R3

44
Q

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

45
Q

how does maxillary sinusitis cause toothache

A

maxillary nerve supplies both maxillary sinus and upper teeth

46
Q

upper respiratory tract infection can spread where

A
  • middle ear through auditory tube opening
  • sinuses (continuous with nasal cavity)
  • cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis or brain abscess (communication between cavernous sinus, facial vein, superior ophthalmic vein)
47
Q

cribriform plate fracture features

A
  • can penetrate the meningeal linings of the brain, causing leakage of CSF
  • exposing brain to the outside environment increases risks of meningitis, encephalitis and cerebral abscesses
  • olfactory bulb damage as it sits on cribriform plate –> anosmia
48
Q

what are the salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

49
Q

what passes through parotid gland

A

facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery (in gland, gives rise to posterior auricular artery, then terminates in maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery)

50
Q

what is a ranula

A

type of mucocele (mucous cyst) that occurs in the floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue, most common disorder of sublingual glands due to their higher mucin content in secretions compared to other salivary glands

51
Q

what nerves are in close relation to submandibular gland

A

lingual, hypoglossal, facial nerve (marginal mandibular branch)

52
Q

which salivary gland is most susceptible to calculi and why

A

submandibular

cause: torturous length of the duct (5cm), ascending secretory pathway, nature of salivary secretion

53
Q

what is the nature of each salivary gland secretion

A

parotid: serous
sublingual: predominantly mucous (mucin)
submandibular: mixed serous and mucous

54
Q

gag reflex nerves involved

A

glossopharyngeal as afferent

vagus as efferent

55
Q

what structures are in danger in case of TMJ dislocation

A

facial and auriculotemporal (from V3) nerves

56
Q

All innervations of tongue

A

post 1/3 sensation and taste by glossopharyngeal

Ant 2/3 sensation by V3 mandibular, taste by facial chorda tympani

MRCS (12 decks)

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