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Didactic Year > Anatomy-Thorax & Back > Flashcards

Anatomy-Thorax & Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is located at the bifurcation of the trachea into the R/L primary bronchi?

A

Sternal angle

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2
Q

The angle formed from the junction of the 12th rib and vertebral column

A

Costovertebral angle (CVA)

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3
Q

The _________ are located deep to the costovertebral angle

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

On the anterior view, the inferior border of the lungs spans from the costal cartilage of the _________th rib to the __________ th rib

A

6,8

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5
Q

Aortic valve located at what intercostal ICS

A

Right 2nd ICS

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6
Q

Pulmonary valve located at what ICS

A

Left 2nd ICS

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7
Q

Erb’s point located at what ICS

A

Left 3rd ICS

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8
Q

Tricuspid valve located at what ICS

A

Left 4th ICS or 5th ICS at left sternal border

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9
Q

Mitral valve located at what ICS

A

Left 5th ICS midclavicular line

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10
Q

Apex of the heart located at what ICS

A

Just inferior/medial to left nipple in 5th ICS

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11
Q

In the female breast, this landmark extends along the inferior border of the pec to the axilla

A

Axillary process

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12
Q

75% of great lymph drains into

A

Axillary lymph nodes

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13
Q

True ribs

A

1-7

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14
Q

Components of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

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15
Q

False ribs

A

8-10

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16
Q

Floating ribs

A

11-12

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17
Q

Typical ribs

A

3-9

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18
Q

Atypical ribs

A

1,2, 10-12

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19
Q

Tubercle of typical ribs

A

Articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

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20
Q

Costal angle of typical ribs

A

Common site of rib fracture, weakest point of the rib

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21
Q

Superior aperture contents

A

Esophagus, trachea, nerves, blood vessels

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22
Q

Inferior aperture contents

A

Esophagus, IVC, aorta

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23
Q

Rib articulation with costal cartilage

A

Costochondrial joints

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24
Q

Articulation between costal cartilage and sternum

A

Sternocostal joints

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25
Q

Articulation between sternum and clavicle

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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26
Q

What muscle on the inner wall of the rib cage depresses the ribs during expiration?

A

Transversus thoracis

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27
Q

Innervation of diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

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28
Q

Diaphragm will _______ during inspiration

A

Flatten (contract)

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29
Q

Most posterior of the three openings in the diaphragm

A

Aortic hiatus

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30
Q

What travels in the intercostal space deep to the internal intercostal muscle?

A

VAN (vein, artery, nerve)

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31
Q

This artery supplies the anterior intercostal artery from the font

A

Internal thoracic artery

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32
Q

This artery supplies the posterior intercostal artery from the back

A

Thoracic aorta

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33
Q

The anterior and posterior intercostal arteries form a

A

Anastomosis

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34
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves exit the

A

Intervertebral foramen

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35
Q

Landmark for performing Thoracentesis

A

Near the inferior rib in the intercostal space

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36
Q

Which two arteries are the initial supply of blood to the thorax?

A

Aorta
Subclavian artery

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37
Q

The aorta supplies what two thoracic arteries

A

Posterior intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries

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38
Q

The subclavian artery supplies what thoracic artery

A

Internal thoracic artery

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39
Q

Internal thoracic artery aka

A

Internal mammary artery

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40
Q

As the mammary artery descends, what branches off of it

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

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41
Q

The mammary artery continues to descend into the abdominal region and is named

A

Superior epigastric artery

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42
Q

Drains blood from the left side 1st-4th intercostal veins

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

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43
Q

Drains blood from the left side 5th-8th intercostal veins

A

Accessory hemi-azygos vein

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44
Q

Drains blood from the left side 9th-11th intercostal veins

A

Hemi-azygos vein

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45
Q

Azygos system acts as a ________ if needed

A

Collateral pathway

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46
Q

Forms the back wall of the trachea

A

Trachealis muscle

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47
Q

How many intersegmental bronchi

A

20-25

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48
Q

Apex of lungs is superior or inferior

A

Superior

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49
Q

Base of lungs is superior or inferior

A

Inferior

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50
Q

What is contained in the hilium?

A

Primary bronchus
Pulmonary arteries/veins
Lymph vessels/nodes

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51
Q

Landmark of the superior lobe in left lung

A

Lingula

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52
Q

Cardiac notch located on which lung

A

Left

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53
Q

Visceral pleura pain sensation or not?

A

Limited nociception

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54
Q

Parietal pleura pain sensation or not?

A

Focal nociception

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55
Q

Formed between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura

A

Costodiaphragmatic recesses (CDR)

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56
Q

Junction of the ribs and diaphragm that is visualized on chest x-ray

A

Costophrenic angle

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57
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Provides blood to the alveoli for gas exchange

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58
Q

Parietal pericardium is composed of what two layers

A

Fibrous and serous pericardium

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59
Q

Attaches to the central tendon of the diaphragm via the pericardiophrenic ligament

A

Fibrous pericardium

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60
Q

This nerve descends between fibrous pericardium and mediastinal pleural walls

A

Phrenic vein

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61
Q

Potential space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

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62
Q

What arteries originate at the base of the aorta

A

Coronary arteries

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63
Q

Backflow pressure gradient occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Early diastole (isovolumetric relaxation)

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64
Q

3 branches of the RCA

A

Nodal branches
Marginal branches
Posterior descending

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65
Q

3 branches of the LCA

A

Left anterior descending
Circumflex
Marginal

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66
Q

Most of the cardiac veins drain into

A

Coronary sinus

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67
Q

The point of maximal impulse is heard at which ICS

A

5th ICS midclavicular

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68
Q

Border between the superior and inferior mediastinum located at the level of

A

T4/T5 and sternal angle

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69
Q

Content of superior mediastinum

A

Thymus in children (remnants in adults)
Arch of aorta
Trachea
Esophagus

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70
Q

Content of anterior mediastinum

A

Internal thoracic vessels
Fat
Lymph nodes

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71
Q

Content of middle mediastinum

A

Pericardium
Heart
Root of great vessels

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72
Q

Content of posterior mediastinum

A

Esophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic duct
Lymph nodes

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73
Q

CXR taken during inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

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74
Q

Preferred CXR view?

A

PA

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75
Q

Costovertebral angle located at the level of

A

T12

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76
Q

Functions of vertebral column

A

Absorb shock
Protect spinal cord

77
Q

Primary curve results in _______ posture

A

Kyphotic

78
Q

Secondary curves results in ________ posture

A

Lordotic

79
Q

What can cause a lordotic posture?

A

Orthopedic anomalies
Postural habits
Pregnancy

80
Q

What can cause a kyphotic posture?

A

Compression fracture, postural habits, pathology

81
Q

What are two components of scoliosis?

A

Lateral deviation
Rotary component

82
Q

4 movements of the vertebral column

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation

83
Q

Projects posteriorly from the junction of the R/L lamina

A

Spinous process

84
Q

Projects laterally from the junction of pedicles and lamina

A

Transverse process

85
Q

Projects from the junction of pedicle and lamina in typical vertebrae

A

Superior and inferior articular processes

86
Q

Formed “between vertebrae” via the vertebral notches of 2 adjacent segments (in typical vertebrae)

A

Intervertebral foramen

87
Q

Formed by the body and the vertebral arch in typical vertebrae

A

Vertebral foramen

88
Q

The vertebral foramen from 2 or more vertebrae

A

Vertebral canal

89
Q

Components of the atypical vertebrae C1

A

Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
Lateral masses
Transverse process

90
Q

Components of the atypical vertebrae C2

A

Dens (Odontoid process)
Vertebral body
Transverse body

91
Q

Which cervical vertebrae spinous process is most prominent?

A

C7

92
Q

Which cervical vertebrae spinous process are bifid?

A

C3-C5

93
Q

Located on superior portion of cervical vertebrae bodies; “raised lateral edges”

A

Uncinate processes

94
Q

The vertebral foramen of thoracic vertebrae are smaller or larger than cervical vertebrae?

A

Smaller

95
Q

“Kidney shaped body”

A

Lumbar vertebrae

96
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

“Hatchet shape” spinous process

97
Q

Inferior end of sacrum

A

Apex

98
Q

Superior portion of S1

A

Base

99
Q

Prominent anterior edge of S1

A

Promontory

100
Q

Superior/lateral portion of sacrum

A

Ala

101
Q

Formed by failure of lamina of S5 to fuse

A

Sacral hiatus

102
Q

Formed by the pedicles of S5

A

Sacral Cornu

103
Q

Contain nerve roots of cauda equina

A

Sacral canal

104
Q

Wedge shaped bone of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

A

Coccyx

105
Q

Synovial joints between superior and inferior facets of articular process

A

Facet joints

106
Q

Facet joints are prone to

A

Osteoarthritis, bone spurs

107
Q

Intervertebral disc joint

A

Shock absorber, influences motion

108
Q

Concentric layers of collagen fibers in the intervertebral disc

A

Annulus fibrosus

109
Q

Annulus fibrosis is a potential source of

A

Pain

110
Q

Center of intervertebral disc

A

Nucelus pulposus

111
Q

Radicular pain results from

A

Herniation, nerve compression

112
Q

Discogenic pain caused by

A

Fissures

113
Q

Joints of Luschka

A

Joint formed by the uncinate process of C3-C7

114
Q

Joints of Luschka considered a “_________” joint

A

pseudo

115
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

Joint 1: dens and anterior arch
Joint 2: R/L facet joints C1 and C2

116
Q

Atlanto axial joint allows what movement

A

Rotation of head/neck

117
Q

Synovial joints between C1 facet and occipital condyles

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

118
Q

Ligament: Anterior portion of the vertebral column

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

119
Q

Ligament: Posterior vertebral column with vertebral canal

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

120
Q

Connects the lamina between each vertebrae

A

Ligamentum flavum

121
Q

Ligamentum Flavum has a high ______ content

A

Elastin

122
Q

Ligament: Connect adjacent spinous processes along inferior and superior border of SP

A

Interspinous ligaments (ISL)

123
Q

Ligament: Connect adjacent spinous processes

A

Supraspinous ligament (SSL)

124
Q

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (AAOM) is a continuation of

A

ALL

125
Q

Tectorial membrane is a continuation of

A

PLL

126
Q

Posterior Atlanta-occipital membrane is a continuation of

A

Ligamentum Flavum

127
Q

Nuchal ligament is a continuation of

A

Supraspinous ligament

128
Q

Acts a septum separating the muscles of the R/L posterior neck

A

Nuchal ligament

129
Q

Stabilizes the dens against the anterior arch of C1

A

Cruciate ligament

130
Q

Extends from sides of dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum

A

Alar ligament

131
Q

Apical ligament

A

Apex of dens to foramen magnum

132
Q

3 main layers of back muscles

A

Superficial
Intermediate
Deep (divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep)

133
Q

Superficial layer muscles of the back

A

Trapezius
Latissmus dorsi
Rhomboid major/minor
Levator scapula

134
Q

Attachments of trapezius

A

Occiput, Nuchal ligament, and spinous process
Spine of scapula

135
Q

Attachments of latissimus dorsi

A

SPs of lower T spine, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest

136
Q

Attachments of Rhomboids

A

Medial border of scapula
Nuchal ligament

137
Q

Levator scapula attachments

A

Medial border of scapula
TPs of C1-C4

138
Q

Intermediate layer muscles of back

A

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

139
Q

Serratus posterior superior located _________ to rhomboids

A

Deep

140
Q

Serratus posterior superior attachments

A

Upper ribs
SPs of C7-T3

141
Q

Action of Serratus posterior superior

A

Elevate ribs

142
Q

Attachments of Serratus posterior inferior

A

Lower ribs
SPs of T11-L1

143
Q

Action of Serratus posterior inferior

A

Depress ribs

144
Q

Superficial muscle of deep layer

A

Splenius capitis/cervicis

145
Q

Intermediate muscle of deep layer

A

Erector spinae

146
Q

Deep muscles of deep layer

A

Semispinalis
Multifidi
Rotators

147
Q

Actions of splenius capitis/cervicis

A

Ipsilateral flexion and rotation to same side

148
Q

Erector spine composed of what three muscles

A

Ilicostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

149
Q

Actions of erector spine muscles

A

Extension of back
Assist with flexion of back (eccentric)

150
Q

Action of deep muscles

A

Contralateral rotation of spine

151
Q

4 sub-occipital muscles

A

Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis inferior
Obliquus capitis superior

152
Q

Sub occipital triangle formed by what three muscles

A

Rectus capitis posterior major
Obliquus capitis inferior
Obliquus capitis superior

153
Q

Content of sub-occipital triangle

A

Vertebral artery
Sub occipital nerve (CN 1)

154
Q

Termination of spinal cord at T12/L1 is called

A

Conus medullaris

155
Q

Lumbosacral nerve roots descending in vertebral and sacral canal

A

Cauda equina

156
Q

Dura extension anchors to coccyx

A

Filum terminale

157
Q

Pia extension anchor spinal cord to dura

A

Dentate ligaments

158
Q

How many cervical spine roots?

A

8

159
Q

3 components of radiculopathy

A

Sensory
Motor
Reflex

160
Q

The outer layer meninges do not ___________

A

Adhere to the bones in the vertebral canal

161
Q

Lumbar cistern is the location for

A

Lumbar puncture

162
Q

Subarachnoid space in lumbar region of vertebral column

A

Lumbar cistern

163
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

164
Q

Spina bifida meningocele

A

Meninges protrude through bony defect

165
Q

Spina bifida meningomyelocele

A

Herniation of meninges and nerve roots through defect, associated with neurological deficits

166
Q

Arnold-Chiari type 2 malformation

A

Group of cranial abnormalities associated with Spina bifida.
Brain stem/cerebellum is pulled through foramen magnum into the upper spinal canal

167
Q

Supplies anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

A

Anterior spinal artery

168
Q

Supplies posterior 1/3 of spinal cord

A

Posterior spinal arteries (pair of arteries)

169
Q

Massive longitudinal venous plexus system drains

A

Azygos system
Iliac veins of pelvis
Head/neck veins

170
Q

Valve less network of veins that are located longitudinally within vertebral canal

A

Internal vertebral plexus (Batson plexus)

171
Q

Female breast tissue ribs

A

2-6

172
Q

What is contained in the canal foramen?

A

IVC

173
Q

Clinically, internal mammary artery often used for

A

CABG

174
Q

How many pulmonary veins go into left atrium?

A

4

175
Q

Nodal branches supply

A

SA/AV nodes

176
Q

Which coronary artery is commonly known as the widow maker

A

Left anterior descending

177
Q

Point of maximal impulse (PMI)

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

178
Q

4 CXR positions

A

PA
AP
Lateral
Lateral decubitus

179
Q

Primary curves

A

Thoracic and sacral

180
Q

Facet joints function

A

Some weight bearing function in C and L region

181
Q

What creates stenosis of IVF

A

Bone spurs

182
Q

No intervertebral disc between

A

C1 and C2, C1 and occiput

183
Q

How many sections does cruciate ligament have

A

3

184
Q

Least common type of Spina bifida

A

Meningocele

185
Q

What ICS is an incision made for a chest tube and where

A

5th or 6th ICS midaxillary line

186
Q

Lung decortication

A

Removal of infected intrapleural blood that has clotted and formed fibrous

187
Q

Hemopericardium

A

Blood in the pericardial sac

188
Q

What might cause hemopericardium

A

Perforation due to a pervious MI, stab wounds, operations

189
Q

Most common site for coarctation of the aorta

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

Didactic Year (24 decks)

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