Anatomy-Head Flashcards
1
Q
What two sections is the neurocranium divided into?
A
- Calvaria
- Cranial base
2
Q
What main two sections is the skull divided into?
A
- Neurocranium
- Facial skeleton
3
Q
What are the three landmarks found on the frontal bone?
A
- Supra-orbital foramen
- Nasion
- Glabella
4
Q
What is the main landmark found on the maxilla?
A
Infra-orbital foramen
5
Q
What are the two landmarks found on the mandible?
A
1.Mental foramen
2. Mental protuberance
6
Q
Facial skeleton is _______ and _________ to neurocranium
A
Inferior and anterior
7
Q
When you cut off the calvaria, it resembles the ________ of the skull
A
“Bowl”
8
Q
What are the seven landmarks found on the temporal bone?
A
- Zygomatic arch
- External acoustic meatus
- Mastoid process
- Styloid process
- Stylomastoid foramen
- Jugular fossa
- Carotid canal
9
Q
What is the main landmark found on the zygomatic bone?
A
Zygomatic arch
10
Q
What are the five major landmarks found on the lateral view of the skull?
A
- Temporal fossa
- Pterion
- Squamous suture
- Coronal suture
- Lambdoid suture
11
Q
What are the five major landmarks found on the superior view of the skull?
A
- Coronal suture
- Sagittal suture
- Lambdoid suture
- Bregma junction
- Lambda junction
12
Q
Parietal bone is ________ to the frontal bone
A
Posterior
13
Q
Squamous suture
A
Between parietal and temporal bones
14
Q
Coronal suture
A
Between the frontal and parietal bones
15
Q
Lambdoid suture
A
Between the occipital and parietal bones
16
Q
Sagittal suture
A
Between the two parietal bones, directly down the midline of the scalp
17
Q
What are the two suture junctions?
A
- Bregma
- Lambda
18
Q
Mastoid process, styloid process, and EAM are all landmarks of the _________ bone
A
Temporal
19
Q
Temporal fossa
A
Depression/hollow located right above zygomatic arch
20
Q
Bergman junction
A
Junction where the sagittal suture meets the coronal suture
21
Q
Lambda junction
A
Junction where the sagittal suture meets the lambdoid suture
22
Q
Pterion
A
Junction between temporal, parietal, frontal, and sphenoid bones
Wall behind pterion is very thin, susceptible to trauma
23
Q
______ is the keystone of the skull
A
Sphenoid
24
Q
What are the two landmarks found on the occipital bone?
A
- Foramen magnum
- External occipital protuberance
25
Why is the pterion clinically important?
It is the thinnest region of the skull and has the middle meningeal artery running deep to it
Trauma to the pterion could rupture the artery and lead to an epidural hematoma
26
Is the maxilla anterior or posterior to the palatine? (Make up the hard palate)
Anterior
27
________ is the foramen where the spinal cord and brainstem pass through
Foramen magnum (FM)
28
Name of the prominent bump on the back of the occipital bone?
External occipital protuberance (EOP)
29
What are the three fossae of the internal cranial base?
1. Anterior fossa
2. Middle fossa
3. Posterior fossa
30
What are the two landmarks of the anterior fossa?
1. Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
2. Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
31
The cribriform plate (CP) is considered the roof of the nose and contains what nerve?
CN 1 (Helps with translation of smell)
32
What are the 7 landmarks of the middle fossa?
1. Greater wing of the sphenoid bone
2. Sella turcica
3. Foramen lacerum
4. Superior orbital fissure
5. Foremen rotundum
6. Foramen ovale
7. Foramen spinosum
33
What cranial nerve passes through the optic canal?
CN2
34
What 4 cranial nerves passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CN 3,4,6 (plugs into extraocular muscles) and V1 of CN 5 (makes its way to the forehead)
35
What cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?
V2 of CN 5 (supplies sensation to maxilla, mid part of face)
36
What cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale
V3 of CN 5
37
What vessel passes through the foremen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
38
What sits within the sella turcica? (Located medially in the skull)
Pituitary gland
39
What is unique about the foramen lacerum?
Not a true foramen
Has a cartilage plate on the floor that provides support for the carotid artery
40
What are the 4 landmarks of the posterior fossa?
1. Internal acoustic meatus
2. Jugular foramen
3. Hypoglossal canal
4. Foramen magnum
41
What two cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN 7 and CN 8
42
What 3 cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
1. CN 9
2. CN 10
3. CN 11
+IJV
43
What cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
CN 12 (hypoglossal nerve)
44
Stylomastoid foramen has what cranial nerve pass through?
CN 7 (facial nerve)
45
Jugular fossa is at the junction between the _____ and _______ bones
Occipital and temporal
46
What are the 4 major arteries that supply the head?
1. Common carotid
2. External carotid
3. Internal carotid
4. Vertebral artery
47
Carotid canal is located anterior or posterior to the jugular foramen?
Anterior
48
Carotid canal contains what major artery?
Internal carotid
49
_______ divides the anterior and middle fossa
Lesser wing
50
What fissure is directly posterior to the greater wing?
Superior orbital fissure
51
Although rare, what are a few reasons you would use a brain CT for?
- trauma
- skeletal surveys (bone pathology)
- Exclude or include presence of metal prior to an MRI
52
When looking at a skull CT, you are looking for general ______ and _________
Consistency and density
53
What are the two sinuses to identify in a skull CT view?
Maxillary and frontal
54
Superior thyroid artery pathway
Branches off the ECA and descends to thyroid gland in the neck
55
Facial artery pathway
Branches off the ECA and ascends across the mandible to the orbit
56
Maxillary artery pathway
Branches off the ECA and travels in the pterygopalatine fossa and ascends to the orbit
57
Superficial temporal artery pathway
Branches off the ECA and travels across the temporal fossa to the orbit
58
What three branches of the ECA converge in the orbit?
1. Superficial temporal artery
2. Maxillary artery
3. Facial artery
*forms anastomosis with the ophthalmic artery (comes off Circle of Willis)
59
What are the 4 landmarks you can view on the skull CT view?
Cortex of skull
Sella turcica
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
60
What does an abnormal cortex look like on a skull CT view?
-“Lumpy/bump” consistency
- Cortex line contains diffuse irregularities
- Density shows inconsistencies
- Example in class showed Paget’s disease of bone
61
4 branches of the ECA in ascending order
Superior thyroid
Facial
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
62
Clinical importance of connection/pathway between ECA (anastomosis) and internal skull?
-Mother nature’s way of compensating if there is an occlusion of blood supply to the brain (occlusion of ICA)
- “Plan B” to compensate (backup circulation for the brain)
63
Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is associated with _____________
It is inflammation of the superficial temporal artery Associated with Polymyalgia rheumatica
-severe headache in skull
64
How does the ICA travel to the Circle of Willis?
- travels through carotid canal
- turns horizontal to travel in temporal bone
- reaches across foramen lacerum and turns “vertical” to ascend into Circle of Willis
65
Vertebral artery travels to Circle of Willis?
- Enters skull via foramen magnum
- Right and left VA merge to form basilar artery
- Ascends anterior to brainstem
- Enters posteriorly into Circle of Willis
66
Circle of Willis acts like a ________ of blood supply to the skull
Rotary
67
What two vessels supply the circle of willis?
1. ICA
2. Basilar artery (from vertebral arteries)
68
What five vessels does the circle of willis consist of?
1. Anterior cerebral artery
2. Anterior communicating artery
3. Middle cerebral artery
4. Posterior cerebral artery
5. Posterior communicating artery
69
Clinical application of circle of willis
If one form of blood flow is slowed down, the flow of blood through the circle of willis can help compensate for this weakness
70
Middle meningeal artery is a branch of the ________ artery
Maxillary
71
The middle meningeal artery enters the skull through the _________ branches out to supply ________ region
-foramen spinosum
-lateral skull/pterion
72
What are the 4 major veins that drain the head and neck?
1. External jugular vein
2. Internal jugular ven
3. Vertebral vein
4. Brachiocephalic vein
73
IJV is located in the carotid sheath and descends _________ to the SCM
Deep
74
IJV drains _________ and is located in the _______ foramen
-Internal skull and some veins of the face
-Jugular
75
IJV drains into the _______ and sends blood back to the heart via the ________
-Brachiocephalic vein
-SVC
76
EJV is located _______ to the SCM
Superficial
77
EJV drains the veins of the _______ and drains into the __________ which sends blood to the Brachiocephalic vein
-Face and scalp
-Subclavian vein
78
Ventricular system of brain
A network of cavities inside the brain / spinal cord that produces and circulates CSF
79
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Acts as the interstitial fluid of the CNS and serves as a fluid barrier to physically protect the CNS
80
Pathway of CSF
1. Produced by the choroid plexuses
2. Flows through ventricle system ( R and L lateral ventricles —> 3rd ventricle —> 4th ventricle—> spinal cord
3. Exits into the Subarachnoid space —> arachnoid granulation
4. Returns to circulation by flowing into the dural sinuses and into the internal jugular vein
81
What are the three meningeal layers?
1. Dura
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia
82
Outermost layer of the meninges, split into two layers (periosteal and meningeal)
Dura
83
Middle layer of the meninges, contains CSF
Arachnoid
84
Deepest layer of the meninges, follows contour of the brain
Pia
85
5 lobes of the brain we should identify
Parietal
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Insular
86
Brainstem contains what 3 parts
Midbrain, pons, medulla
87
Midbrain is ______ to the pons and medulla
Superior
88
The medulla connects to the _______
Spinal cord
89
Choroid plexus
Specialized cells within each ventricle
-produces CSF
90
What are the two layers of the dura?
1. Periosteal layer - outer layer, merges with the skull
2. Meningeal layer - inner layer, helps form dural folds
91
What is unique about the dura layer when observing cadaver?
Meningeal arteries are visible
Cannot see the sulci/gyri of brain
92
Small connective tissue posts between pia and arachnoid layer are termed ________
Arachnoid trabeculae
93
What is unique about the arachnoid layer when observing a cadaver?
Cerebral blood vessels are visible
*appears as a glossy surface overlying the sulci/gyri
94
Pia layer follows the ______ of the brain
Sulci
95
In a cadaver, how can you tell it is the pia layer?
You can see complete contour of sulci and gyri
Blood vessels not visible
96
Dural folds
Folded meningeal (inner) layer of the dura, creates subdivisions of the skull
97
What are the 3 subdivisions of dural folds?
Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebellum
98
Falx cerebri
Double layer of meningeal dura present in the longitudinal fissure that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres
99
Tentorium cerebelli
Acts as floor subdivider, lays flat, crescent shape
Divides cerebellum from the rest of the brain
100
Falx cerebelli
Divides left and right cerebellum
Continuation of Falx cerebri
Lies inferior to Tentorium cerebelli
101
Cerebral hematoma
Blood vessel rupture, blood accumulates in meningeal spaces and forms a hematoma
102
What are the three cerebral spaces?
1. Epidural space
2. Subdural space
3. Subarachnoid space
103
Epidural space
Between dural layer and bone
104
Subdural space
Between arachnoid and dura layers
105
Subarachnoid space
Layer between arachnoid and pia, CSF stays here
106
Epidural hematoma
Rupture of meningeal arteries
Blood pools in the epidural space, between the dura and the skull
*does not cross suture lines
107
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins
Blood pools in the subdural space between the dura and arachnoid layer
Crosses suture lines
*high mortality rate (60-80%)
108
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Rupture of cerebral arteries/veins
Bleeds into the CSF in the subarachnoid space, between the arachnoid and pia layer
*often due to saccular (“berry”) aneurysms located around circle of willis
**”worse headache I’ve ever felt”
109
What nerve innervates all facial muscles?
CN 7
*Motor function
110
CN 7 pathway
Enters skull through the Stylomastoid foramen and divides into 5 branches as it passes through the parotid gland
111
Action of facial muscles
Responsible for facial expression
112
Bell’s Palsy
Transient paralysis of facial muscles due to impairment of CN7
*unilateral 99% of the time
Etiology unknown
Impairment varies from person to person
Eye and corner of mouth most visibly affected
113
What nerve provides sensory innervation of the face?
CN 5 - three branches
114
V1 of CN 5
Provides sensation to orbital/frontal region
115
V2 of CN 5
Provides sensation to maxillary region
116
V3 of CN 5
Provides sensation to mandibular region
117
Trigeminal neuralgia
Severe facial pain due to irritation of sensory fibers of CN 5
*often due to infringement from adjacent blood vessels
** most common in V2 distribution, followed by V3, then V1
- surgery involves trying to separate CN5 from the pressuring vessel
118
What seven bones form the orbit?
1. Frontal
2. Maxilla
3. Zygomatic
4. Sphenoid
5. Ethmoid
6. Lacrimal
7. Palatine
119
What are the three openings of the orbit?
1. Superior orbital fissure
2. Optic canal
3. Inferior orbital fissure
120
What cranial nerve passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
V2 of CN 5
121
Occipitofrontalis muscle location
Front of forehead and back of skull
Connective tissue connects the two locations
122
The opening in the iris, through which light enters the eye
Pupil
123
Iris
Colored part of the eye
Contractile ring that lays on the anterior surface of lens, controls light entering the eye
124
Sclera
White of the eye
Attachment site for extraocular muscles
125
Conjunctiva
Clear thin layer over the eyeball and eyelids
126
Cornea
Clear area in front of the pupil and iris
127
Palpebral fissure
Space between eyelids
128
What are the three portions of the conjunctiva?
1. Palpebral conjunctiva
2. Bulbar conjunctiva
3. Inferior conjunctival sac
129
Palpebral conjunctiva
Membrane that lines the eyelids
130
Bulbar conjunctiva
Membrane that covers the eyeball
131
Inferior conjunctival sac
Space between the palpebral and the bulbar conjunctiva
132
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Blood accumulates behind the conjunctiva, between the conjunctiva and the sclera
*Usually self limiting and relatively harmless
133
Meibomian gland
AKA tarsal gland
Sebaceous gland in the eyelids that secretes lipid fluid that line along conjunctiva surfaces to lubricate the eye
-works in synergy with tears
134
Levator palpebral superioris (location, action, and innervation)
Location: extraocular, located inside orbit above eyeball
Action: Elevate and retract eyelid
Innervation: CN3
135
Superior tarsal muscle (location, action, and innervation)
Location: smooth muscle located in the eyelid
Action: raising the eyelid
Innervation: sympathetic innervation
136
Ptosis
Damage to either the levator palpebral superioris or the tarsal muscle or the nerves they are innervated by, causes drooping of the eyelid
137
What are the six lacrimal structures?
1. Lacrimal gland
2. Lacrimal lake - located in medial angle
3. Lacrimal punctum - small raised opening
4. Lacrimal canaliculi - connects punctum to sac
5. Lacrimal sac
6. Nasolacrimal duct
138
What is the function of the lacrimal structures?
Produces tears that flow from the eye and into nasal cavity
139
Lacrimal gland
Located in the orbit above the eyeball, produces tears
140
Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?
The inferior nasal meatus
141
What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?
1. Outer (fibrous) layer
2. Middle (vascular) layer
3. Inner layer
142
What are the two structures that are found in the outer (fibrous) layer of the eyeball?
1. Sclera
2. Cornea
143
Corneal reflex
Cornea is highly sensitive to touch
*innervated by V1 of CN 5
144
What are the 3 structures that are found in the middle (vascular) layer of the eyeball?
1. Choroid
2. Iris
3. Ciliary body
145
Choroid
Dense vascular bed in the eye
*responsible for "red eye" in pictures
146
What are the two sections of the ciliary body
Muscular and vascular sections
147
Muscular section of the ciliary body
Suspensory ligaments attach from muscle to lens which holds lens in place and allows accommodation (lens thickens)
148
Vascular section of the ciliary body
Highly vascular structure that produces aqueous humor, which flows from posterior chamber to anterior chamber and then drains into scleral venous sinuses
Helps maintain right pressures in the eyeball
149
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage
Blood pools in the suprachoroidal space due to rupture of short or long ciliary arteries
*rare, but can be a serious threat to vision - if blood accumulates behind retina it can lead to detachment or retinal damage
-Caused by trauma or surgeries
-Can lead to complete vision loss
150
What are the 4 structures of the retina that are found in the inner layer of the eyeball?
1. Optic disc
2. Optic cup
3. Macula
4. Fovea centralis
151
Optic disc
Where sensory axons and blood vessels of CN 2 enter eyeball
*blind spot, no photoreceptors
152
Optic cup
The "pit" in the center of the optic disc
*”no” nerve fibers
Dent caused by entering blood vessels
153
Macula
Functional center of the retina, region for visual acuity
154
Fovea centralis
Located in the middle of Macula
Region of "greatest" visual acuity
155
Cup to disc ratio (C/D ratio)
Ratio of the width of the physiologic cup to the width of the optic disc
Average 1:3
*larger than 1:3 is threshold to consider pathology
156
Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure due to a buildup of aqueous humor (mismatch occurs between aqueous humor secretion from ciliary body and drainage from venous sinus), results in damage to the retina and optic nerve
Pressure presses on cup, increasing C/D ratio
C/D ratio > 6:10 (0.6)
* can lead to blindness
157
Light pathway
1. Through cornea
2. Across aqueous humor
3. Through lens
4. Across vitreous humor
5. To rods and cones of retina
6. Optic nerve
7. Brain
158
Vitreous humor
Jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
159
Cataracts
Opacities accumulate in the lens, refracting light in many different directions, instead of tapering towards the retina
Makes it hard to focus images
Once a clinical threshold is reached, a new lens is inserted to replace old lens
160
What are the 6 extraocular muscles?
1. Superior rectus
2. Medial rectus
3. Lateral rectus
4. Inferior rectus
5. Superior oblique
6. Inferior oblique
161
Superior rectus (action and innervation)
Elevate eye in abduction
Innervation: CN3 (oculomotor nerve)
162
Medial rectus (action and innervation)
Adduct eye
Innervation: CN3 (oculomotor nerve)
163
Lateral rectus (action and innervation)
Abduct eye
Innervation: CN6 (abducens nerve)
164
Inferior rectus (action and innervation)
Depresses eye in abduction
Innervation: CN3 (oculomotor nerve)
165
Superior oblique (action and innervation)
Depresses eye in adduction
Innervation: CN4 (trochlear nerve)
166
Inferior oblique (action and innervation)
Elevates eye in adduction
Innervation: CN3 (oculomotor nerve)
167
Ocular H-test
Assesses CN 3, 4, 6
Keep head still and follow finger
Observe if eyes can move in all directions
Ask if they experience any “double vision”
168
What vessels supply the eye?
1. Ophthalmic artery
2. Central retinal artery
3. Posterior short and long ciliary arteries
169
Ophthalmic artery
Branches off the ICA to supply the structures in the orbit and the eye itself
170
Central retinal artery
Branches off the ophthalmic artery to travel with CN 2 and supply the retina
171
Posterior short and long ciliary arteries
Small branches from the ophthalmic artery that penetrate the sclera to supply the choroid capillaries
*rupture causes suprachoroidal hemorrhage
172
What are the 7 bones that form the nose?
1. Nasal
2. Sphenoid
3. Ethmoid
4. Inferior nasal concha
5. Vomer
6. Maxilla
7. Palatine
173
What two bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
1. Nasal
2. Ethmoid
174
What two bones form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
1. Ethmoid (superior and middle nasal concha)
2. Inferior nasal concha
175
What 2 bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?
Maxilla and palatine
176
What bone forms the posterior/superior wall of the nasal cavity?
Sphenoid
177
What 2 bones form the septum of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid and vomer
178
What are the 3 nasal meatuses and what are their function?
Superior, middle, inferior
Contain openings for paranasal sinuses
*inferior to each nasal conchae (turbinate)
179
What are the 4 nasal sinuses?
1. Frontal
2. Ethmoidal
3. Sphenoidal
4. Maxillary
180
Frontal sinus
Located in the frontal bone and opens into the middle nasal meatus
181
Ethmoidal sinus
Located in the ethmoid cells and opens into the superior and middle nasal meatuses
182
Maxillary sinus
Located in the maxilla and opens into the middle nasal meatus
*largest part of paranasal sinus
**most common to become infected
183
What makes up the "roof" of the mouth?
Hard palate - anterior 5/6 of palate
Soft palate - posterior 1/6 of palate
184
What are the 3 muscles of the soft palate?
1. Palatopharyngeal muscle
2. Palatoglossus muscle
3. Musculus uvulae
185
Palatopharyngeal muscle
Posterior wall of pharynx to midline of soft palate
186
Palatoglossus muscle
Roof of tongue to midline of soft palate
187
Musculus uvulae
Forms midline of soft palate
Made up of smooth muscle
188
Palatine tonsils
Located between palatopharyngeal and palatoglossus arches
Check to see if enlarged
189
Innervation of the soft palate (sensory and motor)
Sensory: V2 of CN 5
Motor: CN10
190
Innervation of the pharynx (sensory and motor)
Sensory: CN 9
Motor: CN 10
*gag reflex test
191
What are the three portions of the tongue?
1. Root (posterior 1/3) - attaches to hyoid and mandible
2. Body (anterior 2/3) *taste buds found in body
3. Apex (tip of tongue)
192
What 3 landmarks can be found on the inferior surface of the tongue?
1. Frenulum
2. Openings of submandibular ducts (Wharton’s ducts)
3. Openings from sublingual glands
193
Submandibular gland
Opens into mouth through submandibular ducts on the sides of the frenulum
194
Parotid gland
Located anterior/inferior to the external acoustic meatus
Parotid (Stensen’s) duct penetrates the buccinator and opens into mouth near upper 2nd molar
CN 7 travels through the parotid gland
195
What are the 5 structures of the temporomandibular joint?
1. Condylar process
2. Articular disc
3. Mandibular fossa
4. Articular tubercle
5. Joint capsule
196
TMJ movements
Rotation - initial movement, 1 finger width apart
Translation - mouth opens wide, translated forward, sliding over articulated tubercle, 3 finger widths
197
What 3 muscles close the mouth? What are they anchored to?
1. Temporalis - anchors at coronoid process
2. Masseter - anchors on angle of mandible
3. Medial pterygoid - sphenoid process to mandible
198
What muscle opens the mouth?
Lateral pterygoid: when mouth opens, pulls articular disk forward
Anchors from sphenoid processes to condylar process and articular disc
199
What nerve innervates the TMJ muscles?
CN 5 trigeminal
200
What are the 3 main structures of the external ear?
1. Auricle
2. External acoustic meatus
3. Tympanic membrane
201
What are the 2 landmarks of the tympanic membrane?
Cone of light and umbo
202
What are the 3 main structures of the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity
Auditory ossicles
Muscles
203
2 muscles of middle ear
Stapedius
Tensor tympani
204
Auditory ossicles and what are they attached to?
Malleus - attached to tympanic membrane
Incus - attached to malleus and stapes
Stapes - attached to stapedius muscle and round window
205
Pharyngotympanic tube
AKA Eustachian or auditory tube
Connects the middle ear (tympanic cavity) with the nasopharynx
Allows for equalization of pressures
206
What are the 4 main structures of the inner ear?
1. Bony labyrinth
2. Cochlea (auditory role)
3. Vestibule of bony labyrinth
4. Semicircular canals
207
Bony labyrinth
Cavities within petrous portion of temporal bone
Contains all other structures of the inner ear (cochlea, vestibule of bony labyrinth, and semicircular canals)
208
Orbicularis occuli
-Palpebral portion (eyelid) - responsible for gently closing the eye
-Orbital portion - Muscle belly that wraps around eye, responsible for squeezing eyes shut
209
Orbicularis oris
Wraps around mouth
210
CN 7 divides into 5 branches as it passes through the ______ to innervate all facial muscles
Parotid gland
211
How do you clinically test sensory innervation of face (CN5)?
Use a piece of cotton and lightly tap above both eyes, along checks, along jaws, both right and left side
While performing task, ask patient if he/she can feel cotton on the face, if it’s the same both sides
212
Herpes zoster
-dormant varicella-zoster virus in sensory nerve root
-trigger activates the virus which causes inflammation and rashes on the skin
-Generally, occurs in face, trunk, or lower extremities
-Can affect V1, V2, V3 of CN 5
213
Medial canthus/angles and lateral canthus angles
Corners of eye
214
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctiva becomes inflamed, known as pink eye, sclera becomes red
215
Corneal reflex neuro exam is not performed routinely unless for comprehensive neuro exam in a ________ patient
Comatose
216
Sphenoidal sinus is located in the body of the ______ and opens into the ______ nasal cavity
Sphenoid
Superior/posterior
217
How will a damaged uvula deviate from a normal uvula during "ahhh" test?
Damaged uvula will lean towards the strong side, away from damaged side
218
The root of the tongue is made up of what type of tissue?
Lymphatic
219
The palatoglossus is innervated by _______ while the other tongue muscles are innervated by ________
CN 10
CN 12
220
Clinical exam "stick tongue out” assesses what nerve?
CN 12
221
How does the tongue deviate from normal during pathology?
Tongue leans toward the damaged/weak side, away from strong side
222
3 salivary glands
Submandibular, sublingual, parotid
223
TMJ dysfunction
Associated with mechanics of the articular disc
Patients complain of jaw pain, stiffness, clicking etc.
224
The _______ muscle protects the bones from moving too much due to a large sound wave, plays a stabilizing role.
Tensor tympanic
