Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

What do the papillary muscles do?

Answer 1

Attach to chordae tendineae & close valves

Question 2

What else is the Mitral valve known as?

Answer 2

Bicuspid valve

Question 3

What part of the ventricle does the left anterior fascicle carry conduction for?

Answer 3

The anterior & superior left ventricle

Question 3

What is the effect of hyperkalemia on pacemakers?

Answer 3

They may stop working

Question 4

What part of the ventricle does the left posterior fascicle carry conduction for?

Answer 4

Posterior & inferior left ventricle

Question 5

What is the primary ion inside a cell?

Answer 5

K+ (giving the inside of the cell a relatively negative charge)

Question 6

What is the primary ion outside a cell?

Answer 6

Na+ (giving the outside of the cell a relatively positive charge)

Question 7

Difference between absolute refractory period & relative refractory period?

Answer 7

Absolute (stages 0, 1, 2) the cell cannot depolarize. Relative (stage 3) it can partially depolarize.

Question 8

Define pericardium…

Answer 8

The surrounding sac of the heart. Includes parietal, visceral layers & fluid

Question 9

Define epicardium…

Answer 9

Outer wall of the heart

Question 10

Define myocardium…

Answer 10

Middle muscle layer of heart.

Question 11

Define endocardium…

Answer 11

Inner layer of heart that contacts with blood

Question 13

Explain the heart valves…

Answer 13

1 - Tricuspid / R AV Valve
2 - Semi-Luna / Pulmonary Valve
3 - Bicuspid / L AV Valve / Mitral
4 - Semi-Luna / Aortic Valve
TPMA

Question 15

What are extra heart sounds are caused by?

Answer 15

High flow through a normal valve or normal flow through an abnormal valve

Question 16

Where do you auscultate the for aortic valve?

Answer 16

2nd-3rd R intercostal space

Question 17

Where do you auscultate the for mitral valve?

Answer 17

Apex of heart, just inside & below L nipple

Question 18

Auscultation spot for mitral valve…

Answer 18

Apex of heart, just inside & below L nipple

Question 30

What are the ECG changes for hyperkalemia?

Answer 30

Tall tented T waves.
Wide & low P waves secondary to slow conduction.
Wide QRS, fusion of QRS-T, loss of ST segment.

Question 31

What are the ECG changes for hypokalemia?

Answer 31

ST depression.

Flattening or inverted T waves.

Question 32

What are the ECG changes for hypercalcemia?

Answer 32

Shortening of QT interval.

Question 33

What are the ECG changes for hypocalcemia?

Answer 33

Lengthening of QT interval.

Question 34

What are the ECG changes for hypermagnesaemia?

Answer 34

Tall tented T waves.
Prolonged QRS.
Proglonged QTc.

Question 35

What are the ECG changes for hypomagnesaemia?

Answer 35

Prolonged QRS.
Prolonged QTc.
(Similar to hyperamgnedaemia)