Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What do the papillary muscles do?
Attach to chordae tendineae & close valves
What else is the Mitral valve known as?
Bicuspid valve
What part of the ventricle does the left anterior fascicle carry conduction for?
The anterior & superior left ventricle
What is the effect of hyperkalemia on pacemakers?
They may stop working
What part of the ventricle does the left posterior fascicle carry conduction for?
Posterior & inferior left ventricle
What is the primary ion inside a cell?
K+ (giving the inside of the cell a relatively negative charge)
What is the primary ion outside a cell?
Na+ (giving the outside of the cell a relatively positive charge)
Difference between absolute refractory period & relative refractory period?
Absolute (stages 0, 1, 2) the cell cannot depolarize. Relative (stage 3) it can partially depolarize.
Define pericardium…
The surrounding sac of the heart. Includes parietal, visceral layers & fluid
Define epicardium…
Outer wall of the heart
Define myocardium…
Middle muscle layer of heart.
Define endocardium…
Inner layer of heart that contacts with blood
Explain the heart valves…
1 - Tricuspid / R AV Valve 2 - Semi-Luna / Pulmonary Valve 3 - Bicuspid / L AV Valve / Mitral 4 - Semi-Luna / Aortic Valve TPMA
What are extra heart sounds are caused by?
High flow through a normal valve or normal flow through an abnormal valve
Where do you auscultate the for aortic valve?
2nd-3rd R intercostal space
Where do you auscultate the for mitral valve?
Apex of heart, just inside & below L nipple
Auscultation spot for mitral valve…
Apex of heart, just inside & below L nipple
What are the ECG changes for hyperkalemia?
Tall tented T waves.
Wide & low P waves secondary to slow conduction.
Wide QRS, fusion of QRS-T, loss of ST segment.
What are the ECG changes for hypokalemia?
ST depression.
Flattening or inverted T waves.
What are the ECG changes for hypercalcemia?
Shortening of QT interval.
What are the ECG changes for hypocalcemia?
Lengthening of QT interval.
What are the ECG changes for hypermagnesaemia?
Tall tented T waves.
Prolonged QRS.
Proglonged QTc.
What are the ECG changes for hypomagnesaemia?
Prolonged QRS.
Prolonged QTc.
(Similar to hyperamgnedaemia)
