anatomy & physiology Flashcards
What are the differences between your parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic is rest, relax and digest. Sympathetic is your stress response
What is DNA?
Genetic code of a cell
Proteins are formed from what
Amino acids
Define gross anatomy
The study of anatomy based off what you can see with your eyes
Define systemic anatomy
Studying structures based on systems of the body
What are five subdivisions of anatomy
Surface, gross, systemic, regional, and developmental
What does hyper algesia mean?
Super sensitivity to pain
What does a motor nerve do?
Provides movement and action
What is the circle of Willis?
Regulates blood flow in the brain
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relay station from sense organs to cerebrum
What is the compound that stores energy?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Dopamine is involved in regulating what three things
Moods and emotions, motor control, and executive functioning of the brain.
What is the definition of anatomy?
The study of structures of the body and relationships to its parts
What is mitosis
Cells divide into two identical daughter cells
Myelinated fibers are what color and primarily found where
White, and primarily found in the brain and spinal cord
What is the second largest part of the brain?
Cerebellum
What is a synapse and where are they located?
Space between nerve and effector organ
Blood and bone are types of what
Connective tissue
What is serotonin?
Neurotransmitter that is inhibitor in the CNS, synthesized into melatonin
If something is semi permeable, what does that mean?
Allows some things in, but not all
What are reticular fibers?
Supports capillaries and nerve fibers
What is the main characteristic of muscle tissue?
Contracts and provides movement by shortening
What is an element?
Substance Made up of one kind of atom
What is an aneurysm?
Bulging of artery
Is a Massage contraindicated over steroid injections
Yes
Lipids are also known as what
Fats and oils
What is the smallest particle of an element?
ATom
What are three diseases that can be caused by a virus
Bell’s palsy, polio, herpes
What kind of tissue faces the inside of the body?
Basal
Define dementia
Group of degenerative brain diseases that cause mental decline
Unmyelinated, nervous tissue is what color and is found where
Gray and is found in the spinal cord
What is happening of hyper secretion occurs
Too much of a hormone is being released
Where do most tropic, hormones, originate from?
Pituitary gland
Releasing or inhibiting hormones are released from what structure
Hypothalamus
What kind of feedback loop is happening during labor and delivery
Positive feedback loop
Nociceptors are receptors that detect what
Pain
What is the basic goal of the inflammatory response? How are a few ways in accomplishes this?
Basic goal of inflammatory response is to minimize tissue damage with a combination of processes it does this with swelling, heat, and increase blood flow
Where is epithelial tissue
Lining surface of body and body cavities. It forms our glands.
What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Underweight, sweaty palms, thin hair, bulging eyes
In order to have resting membrane, potential, a neuron needs to have what
Positive charged outside and negative charged inside
Define osmosis, is it active or passive transport? It is also known as what?
Passive, diffusion of water
What pathology is a viral infection that affects skeletal muscle movement
Polio
What is acetylcholine and what does it do to the body?
Neurotransmitter, stimulates parasympathetic nervous system, muscles and memory
What are micro villi?
Small projections on a cell membrane
What parts of the body have the most sensory and motor representation in the brain
Fingers, face and lips
Inflammation, of what nerve causes Bell’s palsy
Seventh cranial nerve also known as the facial nerve
What tissue in our body has a high degree of tensile strength
Collagen
Negative feedback systems usually regulate what system of our body
Endocrine functions
What are the functions of smooth muscle in our body?
Propels food through the gut, regulates blood flow through cardiovascular system, and squeezes secretion through Glands
What reflexes are most often stimulated movement methods?
Stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexors reflex, and crossed extensor
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Connected to nuclear membrane connected to tubular membrane
What is the basic structural unit of an organism
Cell
What shape are mitochondria?
Rod or oval shaped
The heart secretes, what type of hormones
Tissue hormones
If there are tissue changes in the feet, what pathology Might a Client have?
Type one diabetes
What is the basement membrane?
Attaches epithelial to connective tissue
What is a lysosome?
Intracellular digestive system
What cranial nerve innervates chewing
Fifth cranial nerve, also known as trigeminal
What level of organization in the body does metabolism occur?
Chemical
What kind of hormone is adipose tissues, secrete?
Tissue hormone
Define tissues in the levels of organization
Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function
What are proprioceptor’s
Sensory receptors related to movement
If a joint is hypo mobile,, what does that mean?
Decreased range of motion
Contact dermatitis is caused by what
Allergic reaction
What is Peizoelectricity?
Quality of bones that helps them create electric current
Adhesive capsulitis impacts what part of the body in what way
Restricts movement of the shoulder
One gait cycle begins and ends where
Heel strike of 1 foot until the heel of same foot hits the floor
Our reflex patterns and writing reflexes are always working to do it in our body
Keep eye level and head up, right
The term absorption refers to what
Food moving from digestive track to cardio and lymphatic systems
What is the aorta?
Large artery that takes blood out of the heart and to the body
What does adenosine triphosphate do?
Stores energy
What is the fancy name for irregular heartbeat?
Arrhythmia
What is the definition of digestion?
Breakdown of food from complex form into simple molecules used for nutrients
What do antibodies do?
Destroy or suppress antigens
What is smaller? Capillaries or arteries?
Capillaries
External respiration refers to what process in the body
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood
What are the atria?
Two superior chambers of the heart
What are four parts of the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx, bronchial, alveoli, trachea
What happens in our capillaries?
Exchange of gases, and nutrients between blood and cells
What is the job of the valves in the heart?
Keep blood flowing in the right directions
What is peristalsis?
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles that propel food through the gut
What are lymph nodes? What do they do in our body?
Being shaved, they are our filtering system
Sebum is secreted by what part of the body for what function
Sebaceous glands, prevents, dehydration, slows growth of bacteria
Allergies are also known as what type of immune response
Over active
Ureters are located where
Kidneys to the bladder
What gland surrounds the urethra and men
Prostate
Nephrons are located, where in perform what action in our body
Kidneys, filtration
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by the presence of what in the body
Thick sticky mucus
Our hair and nails use what substance to create, tougher, more waterproof structures
Keratin
What type of membrane is a serous membrane?
Lines, body cavities, and surrounds organs
Coagulation refers to what process in the body
Clotting of blood
Erythropoietin is made where and does what
Produced by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell formation
What is pericarditis?
Information of outer serous membrane around the heart
What are some qualities of cardiac tissue?
Striated, involuntary
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sino atrial node(SA node)
What is lymphedema?
Excess fluid of lymph system, obstructs, lymph vessels
Where is the larynx located? What lives there
Opening to the trachea, houses vocal cords
The pleura, surround what
The lungs, serous membraneS
Emphysema affects what part of the body in what way
Alveoli, they distend and degenerate
Where is the peritoneum located?
Lines abdominal cavity
Nutrient absorption primarily takes place in what part of the body
Small intestine
A gallbladder attack is often caused by what
Ingesting fats
What does the liver do for our body?
Neutralize toxins, and produces proteins, stores nutrients
Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion , and tubular reabsorption are all part of what process in the body
Urine formation
Where is the detrusor muscle located?
Muscular wall of bladder
Why are bladder infections more common in women?
Shorter urethra
The ovary produces what three things for the body
Progesterone, estrogen, oocytes (eggs)
What is the cervix?
Lower third of uterus to opens into the vagina
Kidney stones can get logged in what part of the urinary system
Ureters
Where is the stratum basale and what happens there?
Deepest layer of the epidermidis, layer where cell division occurs
Where are muscle spindles located? And what is the function?
Belly of muscle, their function is stretch receptors
If a muscle is displaying concentric action, what is it doing?
Contracting, shortening to overcome resistance
Bone growth occurs where
Epithelial plate
What is the definition of cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in one minute
What are three parts of the digestive tract?
Jejunum, cecum, Colon
Where is articular cartilage located and what does it do?
In the joints, provide smooth surface so it can articulate
What is the periosteum?
Membrane around the bone
What connects bone to bone?
Ligament
What is a sarcomere?
Smallest contractile unit of a muscle
What characterizes, compact bone?
Made up of osteons, and the diaphysis (center) of long bones
What characterizes spongy bone?
Made up of trabecula, found at epiphysis of long bones and irregular bones
What does the inferior vena cava do?
Returns blood from lower body to right atrium
The oropharynx and Laryngopharynx are passageways for what two things
Air and food
Where does gradual digestion happen in our digestive system?
Stomach
Oxytocin is responsible for what during labor and delivery
Contractions
Name three organs made up of lymphatic tissue
Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland
Where are bursae located and what do they help with?
Located in joints, helps with glide in the joint
What happens in the renal tubule?
Reabsorption and secretion
Pulmonary circulation does what in our body
Takes blood to and from the lungs
