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final exam > anatomy & physiology > Flashcards

anatomy & physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between your parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic is rest, relax and digest. Sympathetic is your stress response

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic code of a cell

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3
Q

Proteins are formed from what

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

The study of anatomy based off what you can see with your eyes

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5
Q

Define systemic anatomy

A

Studying structures based on systems of the body

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6
Q

What are five subdivisions of anatomy

A

Surface, gross, systemic, regional, and developmental

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7
Q

What does hyper algesia mean?

A

Super sensitivity to pain

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8
Q

What does a motor nerve do?

A

Provides movement and action

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9
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

Regulates blood flow in the brain

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10
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay station from sense organs to cerebrum

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11
Q

What is the compound that stores energy?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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12
Q

Dopamine is involved in regulating what three things

A

Moods and emotions, motor control, and executive functioning of the brain.

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13
Q

What is the definition of anatomy?

A

The study of structures of the body and relationships to its parts

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14
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cells divide into two identical daughter cells

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15
Q

Myelinated fibers are what color and primarily found where

A

White, and primarily found in the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

What is a synapse and where are they located?

A

Space between nerve and effector organ

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18
Q

Blood and bone are types of what

A

Connective tissue

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19
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Neurotransmitter that is inhibitor in the CNS, synthesized into melatonin

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20
Q

If something is semi permeable, what does that mean?

A

Allows some things in, but not all

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21
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

Supports capillaries and nerve fibers

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22
Q

What is the main characteristic of muscle tissue?

A

Contracts and provides movement by shortening

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23
Q

What is an element?

A

Substance Made up of one kind of atom

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24
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Bulging of artery

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25
Q

Is a Massage contraindicated over steroid injections

A

Yes

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26
Q

Lipids are also known as what

A

Fats and oils

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27
Q

What is the smallest particle of an element?

A

ATom

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28
Q

What are three diseases that can be caused by a virus

A

Bell’s palsy, polio, herpes

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29
Q

What kind of tissue faces the inside of the body?

A

Basal

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30
Q

Define dementia

A

Group of degenerative brain diseases that cause mental decline

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31
Q

Unmyelinated, nervous tissue is what color and is found where

A

Gray and is found in the spinal cord

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32
Q

What is happening of hyper secretion occurs

A

Too much of a hormone is being released

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33
Q

Where do most tropic, hormones, originate from?

A

Pituitary gland

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34
Q

Releasing or inhibiting hormones are released from what structure

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

What kind of feedback loop is happening during labor and delivery

A

Positive feedback loop

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36
Q

Nociceptors are receptors that detect what

A

Pain

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37
Q

What is the basic goal of the inflammatory response? How are a few ways in accomplishes this?

A

Basic goal of inflammatory response is to minimize tissue damage with a combination of processes it does this with swelling, heat, and increase blood flow

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38
Q

Where is epithelial tissue

A

Lining surface of body and body cavities. It forms our glands.

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39
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Underweight, sweaty palms, thin hair, bulging eyes

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40
Q

In order to have resting membrane, potential, a neuron needs to have what

A

Positive charged outside and negative charged inside

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41
Q

Define osmosis, is it active or passive transport? It is also known as what?

A

Passive, diffusion of water

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42
Q

What pathology is a viral infection that affects skeletal muscle movement

A

Polio

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43
Q

What is acetylcholine and what does it do to the body?

A

Neurotransmitter, stimulates parasympathetic nervous system, muscles and memory

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44
Q

What are micro villi?

A

Small projections on a cell membrane

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45
Q

What parts of the body have the most sensory and motor representation in the brain

A

Fingers, face and lips

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46
Q

Inflammation, of what nerve causes Bell’s palsy

A

Seventh cranial nerve also known as the facial nerve

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47
Q

What tissue in our body has a high degree of tensile strength

A

Collagen

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48
Q

Negative feedback systems usually regulate what system of our body

A

Endocrine functions

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49
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle in our body?

A

Propels food through the gut, regulates blood flow through cardiovascular system, and squeezes secretion through Glands

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50
Q

What reflexes are most often stimulated movement methods?

A

Stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexors reflex, and crossed extensor

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51
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Connected to nuclear membrane connected to tubular membrane

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52
Q

What is the basic structural unit of an organism

A

Cell

53
Q

What shape are mitochondria?

A

Rod or oval shaped

54
Q

The heart secretes, what type of hormones

A

Tissue hormones

55
Q

If there are tissue changes in the feet, what pathology Might a Client have?

A

Type one diabetes

56
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Attaches epithelial to connective tissue

57
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Intracellular digestive system

58
Q

What cranial nerve innervates chewing

A

Fifth cranial nerve, also known as trigeminal

59
Q

What level of organization in the body does metabolism occur?

A

Chemical

60
Q

What kind of hormone is adipose tissues, secrete?

A

Tissue hormone

61
Q

Define tissues in the levels of organization

A

Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function

62
Q

What are proprioceptor’s

A

Sensory receptors related to movement

63
Q

If a joint is hypo mobile,, what does that mean?

A

Decreased range of motion

64
Q

Contact dermatitis is caused by what

A

Allergic reaction

65
Q

What is Peizoelectricity?

A

Quality of bones that helps them create electric current

66
Q

Adhesive capsulitis impacts what part of the body in what way

A

Restricts movement of the shoulder

67
Q

One gait cycle begins and ends where

A

Heel strike of 1 foot until the heel of same foot hits the floor

68
Q

Our reflex patterns and writing reflexes are always working to do it in our body

A

Keep eye level and head up, right

69
Q

The term absorption refers to what

A

Food moving from digestive track to cardio and lymphatic systems

70
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Large artery that takes blood out of the heart and to the body

71
Q

What does adenosine triphosphate do?

A

Stores energy

72
Q

What is the fancy name for irregular heartbeat?

A

Arrhythmia

73
Q

What is the definition of digestion?

A

Breakdown of food from complex form into simple molecules used for nutrients

74
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Destroy or suppress antigens

75
Q

What is smaller? Capillaries or arteries?

A

Capillaries

76
Q

External respiration refers to what process in the body

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood

77
Q

What are the atria?

A

Two superior chambers of the heart

78
Q

What are four parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx, bronchial, alveoli, trachea

79
Q

What happens in our capillaries?

A

Exchange of gases, and nutrients between blood and cells

80
Q

What is the job of the valves in the heart?

A

Keep blood flowing in the right directions

81
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles that propel food through the gut

82
Q

What are lymph nodes? What do they do in our body?

A

Being shaved, they are our filtering system

83
Q

Sebum is secreted by what part of the body for what function

A

Sebaceous glands, prevents, dehydration, slows growth of bacteria

84
Q

Allergies are also known as what type of immune response

A

Over active

85
Q

Ureters are located where

A

Kidneys to the bladder

86
Q

What gland surrounds the urethra and men

A

Prostate

87
Q

Nephrons are located, where in perform what action in our body

A

Kidneys, filtration

88
Q

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by the presence of what in the body

A

Thick sticky mucus

89
Q

Our hair and nails use what substance to create, tougher, more waterproof structures

A

Keratin

90
Q

What type of membrane is a serous membrane?

A

Lines, body cavities, and surrounds organs

91
Q

Coagulation refers to what process in the body

A

Clotting of blood

92
Q

Erythropoietin is made where and does what

A

Produced by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell formation

93
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Information of outer serous membrane around the heart

94
Q

What are some qualities of cardiac tissue?

A

Striated, involuntary

95
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sino atrial node(SA node)

96
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Excess fluid of lymph system, obstructs, lymph vessels

97
Q

Where is the larynx located? What lives there

A

Opening to the trachea, houses vocal cords

98
Q

The pleura, surround what

A

The lungs, serous membraneS

99
Q

Emphysema affects what part of the body in what way

A

Alveoli, they distend and degenerate

100
Q

Where is the peritoneum located?

A

Lines abdominal cavity

101
Q

Nutrient absorption primarily takes place in what part of the body

A

Small intestine

102
Q

A gallbladder attack is often caused by what

A

Ingesting fats

103
Q

What does the liver do for our body?

A

Neutralize toxins, and produces proteins, stores nutrients

104
Q

Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion , and tubular reabsorption are all part of what process in the body

A

Urine formation

105
Q

Where is the detrusor muscle located?

A

Muscular wall of bladder

106
Q

Why are bladder infections more common in women?

A

Shorter urethra

107
Q

The ovary produces what three things for the body

A

Progesterone, estrogen, oocytes (eggs)

108
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Lower third of uterus to opens into the vagina

109
Q

Kidney stones can get logged in what part of the urinary system

A

Ureters

110
Q

Where is the stratum basale and what happens there?

A

Deepest layer of the epidermidis, layer where cell division occurs

111
Q

Where are muscle spindles located? And what is the function?

A

Belly of muscle, their function is stretch receptors

112
Q

If a muscle is displaying concentric action, what is it doing?

A

Contracting, shortening to overcome resistance

113
Q

Bone growth occurs where

A

Epithelial plate

114
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in one minute

115
Q

What are three parts of the digestive tract?

A

Jejunum, cecum, Colon

116
Q

Where is articular cartilage located and what does it do?

A

In the joints, provide smooth surface so it can articulate

117
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Membrane around the bone

118
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

Ligament

119
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle

120
Q

What characterizes, compact bone?

A

Made up of osteons, and the diaphysis (center) of long bones

121
Q

What characterizes spongy bone?

A

Made up of trabecula, found at epiphysis of long bones and irregular bones

122
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Returns blood from lower body to right atrium

123
Q

The oropharynx and Laryngopharynx are passageways for what two things

A

Air and food

124
Q

Where does gradual digestion happen in our digestive system?

A

Stomach

125
Q

Oxytocin is responsible for what during labor and delivery

A

Contractions

126
Q

Name three organs made up of lymphatic tissue

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland

127
Q

Where are bursae located and what do they help with?

A

Located in joints, helps with glide in the joint

128
Q

What happens in the renal tubule?

A

Reabsorption and secretion

129
Q

Pulmonary circulation does what in our body

A

Takes blood to and from the lungs

final exam (21 decks)

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