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Anatomy & Phisiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the shape, construction, and location of a body part

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how a body part works and how it interacts with other body parts

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3
Q

2 parts of Anatomy and Physiology

A

Macroscopic

Microscopic

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4
Q

11 General Body Systems

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Cardiovascular
  5. Lymphatic
  6. Respiratory
  7. Digestive
  8. Nervous
  9. Endocrine
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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5
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Helps divide the body into sections to make it easier for the doctor to find where a problem is

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6
Q

Median Plane

A

Equal left and right side

Vertical plane

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7
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical Plane

Divides body into unequal left and right sides

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8
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides the body into a tail end and head end

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9
Q

Dorsal Plane

A

Divides body into a ventral side and dorsal side

Horizontal plane

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10
Q

Ventral Plane

A

Toward the abdomen

Bottom of a surface

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11
Q

Dorsal Plane

A

Towards the spine

Top surface of something

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12
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

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13
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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14
Q

Superior

A

Above

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15
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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16
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the nose

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17
Q

Medial

A

Toward the median plane

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18
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the median plane

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19
Q

Proximal

A

Close to the point of origin of a body part

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20
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of origin of a body part

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21
Q

Anterior

A

Front of

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22
Q

Posterior

A

Back or behind

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23
Q

Deep

A

Close to the center of the body

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24
Q

Superficial

A

Far away from the center of the body- surface

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25
Q

Internal

A

Within

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26
Q

External

A

Outside

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27
Q

Carpus

A

Front feet

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28
Q

Tarsus

A

Back feet

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29
Q

Palmer

A

Bottom of front feet or carpus

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30
Q

Plantar

A

Bottom of back feet or tarsus

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31
Q

Barrel

A

Chest and stomach

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32
Q

Flank

A

In the front of the pelvis or hip area

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33
Q

Brisket

A

Front of chest, between front legs

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34
Q

Poll

A

On the head between the ears

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35
Q

Muzzle

A

Nose and mouth area

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36
Q

Withers

A

Base of mane, above shoulders

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37
Q

Hock

A

Ankle region, back legs

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38
Q

Stifle

A

Knee equivalent

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39
Q

Elbow

A

Hinge joint on front legs

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40
Q

Stop

A

Bridge of nose, groove on nose

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41
Q

What is a Body Cavity?

A

A compartment contained by a membrane, usually containing organs

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42
Q

What is the Serous Membrane?

A

Double-layer membrane, uses and makes fluid

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43
Q

Visceral Layer

Serous membrane

A

Closest to underlying organ

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44
Q

Parietal

Serous membrane

A

Outside of visceral membrane

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45
Q

Divisions of the Dorsal Cavity

A

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Cavity

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46
Q

Divisions of Ventral Cavity

A

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

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47
Q

Thoracic Cavity

Divisions

A
  • Mediastinal Cavity: heart, esophagus
  • Pericardial Cavity: heart, trachea
  • Pleural Cavity: lungs, chest
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48
Q 
Abdominopelvic Cavity 
(Divisions)
A
  • abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, intestines

- pelvic cavity: kidney, reproductive, ureters, bladder

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49
Q

Intercellular

A

Between cells

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50
Q

Intracellular

A

Inside the cell

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51
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside the cell

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52
Q

Cell membrane

A

Gatekeeper of the cell

Controls movement of things going in and out of the cell

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53
Q

What 3 things is the Phospholipid Bilayer made of?

A
  1. Phospholipid
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Glycolipid
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54
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

The lipid layer is amphipathic

Hydrophilic Head: polar

Hydrophobic Tail: non-polar

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55
Q

What are the structures of the Integral Protein?

A

Channels: passage through the cell membrane

Transporter: bonding quality to move something in or out of the cell by changing the shape of the molecule

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56
Q

What are Peripheral Proteins?

A

Binding proteins around or connected to other proteins

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57
Q

Intracellular Protein

A

Produces enzyme that changes chemical composition of the cell wall to move something out of the cell

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58
Q

Extracellular Protein

A

Produces and enzyme that changes the shape of part of the cell membrane

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59
Q

The Glycocalyx consists of what?

A

Glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membrane

Contains:
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
Membrane Receptor Molecules (MRM)

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60
Q

Glycocalyx Permits 3 Actions

A
  1. Intercellular Recognition
  2. Recognizes specific antibodies surround the cell
  3. Recognition of various bacteria surround the cell
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61
Q

4 Types of Selective Permeability

A
  1. Lipid Solubility
  2. Size
  3. Charge
  4. Integral and Peripheral Proteins
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62
Q

Flagella

A

Large projection of the cell wall that helps the cell move

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63
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hair like structures, often proteins, on the cell that helps make surrounding fluid move

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64
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Mostly water, gives cell it’s structure

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65
Q

Cytosol

A

Water in the cytoplasm

66
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Jelly-like structure of the cytoplasm

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains genetic material (chromatin), proteins, and DNA and RNA

68
Q

Nuclear Components

A

Nuclear envelope

Nucleoplasm

Nucleus

69
Q

3 Functions of the Nucleus

A
  1. Maintains genetic material
  2. Controls cell protein synthesis
  3. Contains blueprint for over 2000 proteins needed for cell survival
70
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

located near the nucleus and receives and packages proteins from nucleus

71
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

small sections of the Golgi Apparatus that have captured proteins and split off from the organelle

72
Q

Polysaccharides

A

synthesized by Golgi Apparatus’ glycocalyx cell wall

73
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

extension of nuclear envelope and contains many ribosomes or proteins

74
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

no ribosomes or proteins, helps the cell break down toxins

75
Q

The 2 types of Ribosomes are what?

A

Attached: synthesize proteins used outside cell

Free-Floating: breaks down things the body doesn’t need

76
Q

Mitochondria

A

makes energy that the cell needs

77
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicle or vacuole, garbage can of the cell

78
Q

What 3 things do Proteasomes do?

A
  1. Break down damaged proteins
  2. Breaks down excess proteins
  3. Breaks down unwanted or damaged genetic material
79
Q

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

A

vacuole, breaks down toxic substances in the cell

80
Q

Oxidase

A

enzyme that removes a H+ atom from a toxic molecule

81
Q

Catalase

A

enzyme that breaks down the hydrogen peroxide that the oxidase formed

82
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

higher concentration of molecules interacting with a nearby lower concentration of molecules and vise versa

83
Q

Passive Process

A

no energy being used by the cell to move things in and out of the cell

84
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

85
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

binding of a protein on the cell membrane by an outside molecule to a transporter protein located within the cell membrane

86
Q

Osmosis

A

water molecules moving from a high molecular concentration to an area of low molecular concentration as influenced by solutes surrounding the cell

87
Q

Active Process

A

cell must use energy to make something happen

88
Q

Active Transport

A

cell used energy to move molecules through the cell membrane, splitting of ATP

89
Q

What are the 2 types of Endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

90
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the cell uses energy to wrap around something and bring it in the cell

91
Q

Pinocytosis

A

the cell uses energy to form a vesicle in the cell membrane trapping things within the cytoplasm

92
Q

Exocytosis

A

formation of a vesicle with use of energy and moves things out of the cell

93
Q

Isotonic

A

molecular concentration is equal on the outside of the cell and inside the cell

94
Q

Hypertonic

A

molecular concentration on the outside the cell is lower than the molecular concentration on the outside of the cell

95
Q

Hypotonic

A

molecular concentration on the outside of the cell is greater than the molecular concentration on the inside of the cell

96
Q

3 functions of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Temperature Regulation
  2. Protection
  3. Sensory Perception
97
Q

Epidermis has 3 layers

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
98
Q

Epidermis Characteristics

A 
really thin
superficial 
avascular 
Keratinized 
5 layers
99
Q

5 Layers of the Epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratus Granulosum
  4. Stratus Spinosum
  5. Stratus Basale
100
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

1st layer of the epidermis

thick, very loose, flakes off

101
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

2nd layer of the epidermis

really though skin, bottom of feet and palms, paw pads

102
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

3rd layer of the epidermis

heavier amount of keratin, flexible and moist, waterproofing

103
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

4th layer of the epidermis

spiky, helps cells stay anchored

104
Q

Stratum Basale

A

5th layer of the epidermis

rapid division, when the skin is damaged it repairs or replaces the damaged cells

105
Q

Keratinocytes

A

keratin cells

106
Q

Sloughing

A

when the epidermis flakes off skin cells

107
Q

Melanocytes

A

pigment cells

108
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

moving cells from the blood through the layers of the skin

migrating cells

109
Q

Merkel Cells

A

tiny nerve endings usually around the root of a hair, involved in the sense of touch

110
Q

Tactile Hairs

A

microscopic hairs, touch

111
Q

Dermis

A

Contains three major structures, has connective tissue, and functions as a provider of substance to other structures

112
Q

4 Major Structures of the Dermis

A
  1. Nerve receptors or corpuscles
  2. Vasculature (blood supply)
  3. Gland tissue
  4. Hair Roots
113
Q

4 Corpuscles

A
  1. Meissner’s
  2. Pacinian’s
  3. Kraus’s
  4. Ruffini’s
114
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

Nerve endings that perceive touch

115
Q

Pacinian’s Corpuscle

A

Deeper in the dermis and perceives sensation of pressure

116
Q

Kraus’s Corpuscle

A

Perceives cold sensation, superficial

117
Q

Ruffini’s Corpuscle

A

Perceives heat, superficial

118
Q

Vasculature

A

Blood supply through arteries and veins

119
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Excretes something that reaches the surface

120
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Oil glands, near root of hair

121
Q

Sudoriferous Gland

A

Sweat gland

Eccrine and Apocrine

122
Q

Eccrine Glands

A

Small, abundant throughout body

Sweat Gland

123
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

Bigger, fewer in body

Sweat glands

124
Q

Hair structures

A 
Hair shaft 
Root 
Bulb
Pore 
Follicle 
Root hair plexus 
Arrector pili muscle
125
Q

Follicle

A

Tunnel around root of hair that extends down to dermis

126
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Small group of nerves right below the bulb of the hair

127
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

Small muscle that is attached to the root of the hair, makes the hair stand up

128
Q

Telegen Effluvium

A

Massive hair loss after birthing

129
Q

The Hypodermis consists of what 2 tissues?

A

Subdermis/subcutaneum

Adipose Tissue

Aereolar Tissue

130
Q

Tail Glands

A

Glands that secrete an odorless gas/oil, for animal communication

131
Q

Anal Sacs

A

Located at 5&7 o’clock of the anus

132
Q

Osseo

A

Bone tissue

133
Q

Osteo

A

Bone as a whole

134
Q

2 divisions of a skeleton

A
  1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton

135
Q

What does the Axial Skeleton consist of?

A

Head/skull, vertebrae, ribs

136
Q

What does the Appendicular Skeleton consists of?

A

Arms, legs, shoulders, hips, collarbone, legs, hands, feet

137
Q

5 Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Leverage
  4. Storage
  5. Blood Cell Formation
138
Q

2 Types of Bone

A
  1. Cancellous Bone

2. Compact Bone

139
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

spongy bone, porous, stores marrow

flat bones, ribs, center of pelvis, center of long bones

140
Q

Trabeculae

A

bone around the holes/pores of the spongy bones in order to make the bones light

141
Q

Compact Bone

142
Q

Structure of Compact Bone

A

Lamellae:

  1. Concentric
  2. Interstitial
  3. Circumferential (inner and outer)
143
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

rings of compact bone within the bone

144
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

compact bone between the concentric lamellae

145
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

inner: toward center of the bone that wraps around the medullary cavity
outer: wraps around entire bone

146
Q

Haversion System

A

one single unit of concentric lamellae, aka “osteon”

147
Q

Haversion Canal

A

center of the haversion system or osteon, allows blood vessels to run though

148
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

hole/cavity in the center of a bone

149
Q

Lacuna

A

little pits in the bone that are filled with fluid and houses a little bone cell on the concentric lamellae

150
Q

Canaliculi

A

passages for fluid to run through, connected to the lacuna

151
Q

Bone Cells

A
  1. Osteoblast
  2. Osteocyte
  3. Osteoclast
152
Q

Osteoblast

A

an immature bone cell

153
Q

Osteocyte

A

a mature bone cell

154
Q

Osteoclast

A

breaks down bone when the body needs calcium

155
Q

Volkmann’s Canals

A

horizontal holes in the bone, have blood vessels going through them

156
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

hole in bone that provides space for a nutrient artery

157
Q

Nutrient Artery

A

delivers blood to bone

158
Q

Periosteum

A

thin layer of bone that surrounds the entire outside of the bone

159
Q

Perichondrium

A

a layer of cartilage that wraps around the bone, eventually it turns into bone - periosteum

160
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers

A

fibers that anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone, outer circumferential lamellae

Other (10 decks)

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