Anatomy & Phisiology 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the shape, construction, and location of a body part
2
Q
Physiology
A
The study of how a body part works and how it interacts with other body parts
3
Q
2 parts of Anatomy and Physiology
A
Macroscopic
Microscopic
4
Q
11 General Body Systems
A
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Urinary
- Reproductive
5
Q
Anatomical Planes
A
Helps divide the body into sections to make it easier for the doctor to find where a problem is
6
Q
Median Plane
A
Equal left and right side
Vertical plane
7
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Vertical Plane
Divides body into unequal left and right sides
8
Q
Transverse Plane
A
Divides the body into a tail end and head end
9
Q
Dorsal Plane
A
Divides body into a ventral side and dorsal side
Horizontal plane
10
Q
Ventral Plane
A
Toward the abdomen
Bottom of a surface
11
Q
Dorsal Plane
A
Towards the spine
Top surface of something
12
Q
Cranial
A
Towards the head
13
Q
Caudal
A
Towards the tail
14
Q
Superior
A
Above
15
Q
Inferior
A
Below
16
Q
Rostral
A
Towards the nose
17
Q
Medial
A
Toward the median plane
18
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the median plane
19
Q
Proximal
A
Close to the point of origin of a body part
20
Q
Distal
A
Away from the point of origin of a body part
21
Q
Anterior
A
Front of
22
Q
Posterior
A
Back or behind
23
Q
Deep
A
Close to the center of the body
24
Q
Superficial
A
Far away from the center of the body- surface
25
Internal
Within
26
External
Outside
27
Carpus
Front feet
28
Tarsus
Back feet
29
Palmer
Bottom of front feet or carpus
30
Plantar
Bottom of back feet or tarsus
31
Barrel
Chest and stomach
32
Flank
In the front of the pelvis or hip area
33
Brisket
Front of chest, between front legs
34
Poll
On the head between the ears
35
Muzzle
Nose and mouth area
36
Withers
Base of mane, above shoulders
37
Hock
Ankle region, back legs
38
Stifle
Knee equivalent
39
Elbow
Hinge joint on front legs
40
Stop
Bridge of nose, groove on nose
41
What is a Body Cavity?
A compartment contained by a membrane, usually containing organs
42
What is the Serous Membrane?
Double-layer membrane, uses and makes fluid
43
Visceral Layer
| Serous membrane
Closest to underlying organ
44
Parietal
| Serous membrane
Outside of visceral membrane
45
Divisions of the Dorsal Cavity
Cranial Cavity
| Vertebral Cavity
46
Divisions of Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
47
Thoracic Cavity
| Divisions
- Mediastinal Cavity: heart, esophagus
- Pericardial Cavity: heart, trachea
- Pleural Cavity: lungs, chest
48
```
Abdominopelvic Cavity
(Divisions)
```
- abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, intestines
| - pelvic cavity: kidney, reproductive, ureters, bladder
49
Intercellular
Between cells
50
Intracellular
Inside the cell
51
Extracellular
Outside the cell
52
Cell membrane
Gatekeeper of the cell
| Controls movement of things going in and out of the cell
53
What 3 things is the Phospholipid Bilayer made of?
1. Phospholipid
2. Cholesterol
3. Glycolipid
54
Phospholipid Bilayer
The lipid layer is amphipathic
Hydrophilic Head: polar
Hydrophobic Tail: non-polar
55
What are the structures of the Integral Protein?
Channels: passage through the cell membrane
Transporter: bonding quality to move something in or out of the cell by changing the shape of the molecule
56
What are Peripheral Proteins?
Binding proteins around or connected to other proteins
57
Intracellular Protein
Produces enzyme that changes chemical composition of the cell wall to move something out of the cell
58
Extracellular Protein
Produces and enzyme that changes the shape of part of the cell membrane
59
The Glycocalyx consists of what?
Glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membrane
Contains:
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
Membrane Receptor Molecules (MRM)
60
Glycocalyx Permits 3 Actions
1. Intercellular Recognition
2. Recognizes specific antibodies surround the cell
3. Recognition of various bacteria surround the cell
61
4 Types of Selective Permeability
1. Lipid Solubility
2. Size
3. Charge
4. Integral and Peripheral Proteins
62
Flagella
Large projection of the cell wall that helps the cell move
63
Cilia
Tiny hair like structures, often proteins, on the cell that helps make surrounding fluid move
64
Cytoplasm
Mostly water, gives cell it's structure
65
Cytosol
Water in the cytoplasm
66
Cytoskeleton
Jelly-like structure of the cytoplasm
67
Nucleolus
Contains genetic material (chromatin), proteins, and DNA and RNA
68
Nuclear Components
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleus
69
3 Functions of the Nucleus
1. Maintains genetic material
2. Controls cell protein synthesis
3. Contains blueprint for over 2000 proteins needed for cell survival
70
Golgi Apparatus
located near the nucleus and receives and packages proteins from nucleus
71
Golgi Bodies
small sections of the Golgi Apparatus that have captured proteins and split off from the organelle
72
Polysaccharides
synthesized by Golgi Apparatus' glycocalyx cell wall
73
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
extension of nuclear envelope and contains many ribosomes or proteins
74
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
no ribosomes or proteins, helps the cell break down toxins
75
The 2 types of Ribosomes are what?
Attached: synthesize proteins used outside cell
Free-Floating: breaks down things the body doesn't need
76
Mitochondria
makes energy that the cell needs
77
Lysosomes
vesicle or vacuole, garbage can of the cell
78
What 3 things do Proteasomes do?
1. Break down damaged proteins
2. Breaks down excess proteins
3. Breaks down unwanted or damaged genetic material
79
What is the function of Peroxisomes?
vacuole, breaks down toxic substances in the cell
80
Oxidase
enzyme that removes a H+ atom from a toxic molecule
81
Catalase
enzyme that breaks down the hydrogen peroxide that the oxidase formed
82
Concentration Gradient
higher concentration of molecules interacting with a nearby lower concentration of molecules and vise versa
83
Passive Process
no energy being used by the cell to move things in and out of the cell
84
Simple Diffusion
movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
85
Facilitated Diffusion
binding of a protein on the cell membrane by an outside molecule to a transporter protein located within the cell membrane
86
Osmosis
water molecules moving from a high molecular concentration to an area of low molecular concentration as influenced by solutes surrounding the cell
87
Active Process
cell must use energy to make something happen
88
Active Transport
cell used energy to move molecules through the cell membrane, splitting of ATP
89
What are the 2 types of Endocytosis?
phagocytosis
| pinocytosis
90
Phagocytosis
the cell uses energy to wrap around something and bring it in the cell
91
Pinocytosis
the cell uses energy to form a vesicle in the cell membrane trapping things within the cytoplasm
92
Exocytosis
formation of a vesicle with use of energy and moves things out of the cell
93
Isotonic
molecular concentration is equal on the outside of the cell and inside the cell
94
Hypertonic
molecular concentration on the outside the cell is lower than the molecular concentration on the outside of the cell
95
Hypotonic
molecular concentration on the outside of the cell is greater than the molecular concentration on the inside of the cell
96
3 functions of the Integumentary System
1. Temperature Regulation
2. Protection
3. Sensory Perception
97
Epidermis has 3 layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis
98
Epidermis Characteristics
```
really thin
superficial
avascular
Keratinized
5 layers
```
99
5 Layers of the Epidermis
1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratus Granulosum
4. Stratus Spinosum
5. Stratus Basale
100
Stratum Corneum
1st layer of the epidermis
| thick, very loose, flakes off
101
Stratum Lucidum
2nd layer of the epidermis
| really though skin, bottom of feet and palms, paw pads
102
Stratum Granulosum
3rd layer of the epidermis
| heavier amount of keratin, flexible and moist, waterproofing
103
Stratum Spinosum
4th layer of the epidermis
| spiky, helps cells stay anchored
104
Stratum Basale
5th layer of the epidermis
| rapid division, when the skin is damaged it repairs or replaces the damaged cells
105
Keratinocytes
keratin cells
106
Sloughing
when the epidermis flakes off skin cells
107
Melanocytes
pigment cells
108
Langerhans Cells
moving cells from the blood through the layers of the skin
| migrating cells
109
Merkel Cells
tiny nerve endings usually around the root of a hair, involved in the sense of touch
110
Tactile Hairs
microscopic hairs, touch
111
Dermis
Contains three major structures, has connective tissue, and functions as a provider of substance to other structures
112
4 Major Structures of the Dermis
1. Nerve receptors or corpuscles
2. Vasculature (blood supply)
3. Gland tissue
4. Hair Roots
113
4 Corpuscles
1. Meissner's
2. Pacinian's
3. Kraus's
4. Ruffini's
114
Meissner's Corpuscle
Nerve endings that perceive touch
115
Pacinian's Corpuscle
Deeper in the dermis and perceives sensation of pressure
116
Kraus's Corpuscle
Perceives cold sensation, superficial
117
Ruffini's Corpuscle
Perceives heat, superficial
118
Vasculature
Blood supply through arteries and veins
119
Exocrine Glands
Excretes something that reaches the surface
120
Sebaceous Glands
Oil glands, near root of hair
121
Sudoriferous Gland
Sweat gland
| Eccrine and Apocrine
122
Eccrine Glands
Small, abundant throughout body
Sweat Gland
123
Apocrine Gland
Bigger, fewer in body
| Sweat glands
124
Hair structures
```
Hair shaft
Root
Bulb
Pore
Follicle
Root hair plexus
Arrector pili muscle
```
125
Follicle
Tunnel around root of hair that extends down to dermis
126
Root hair plexus
Small group of nerves right below the bulb of the hair
127
Arrector Pili Muscle
Small muscle that is attached to the root of the hair, makes the hair stand up
128
Telegen Effluvium
Massive hair loss after birthing
129
The Hypodermis consists of what 2 tissues?
Subdermis/subcutaneum
Adipose Tissue
Aereolar Tissue
130
Tail Glands
Glands that secrete an odorless gas/oil, for animal communication
131
Anal Sacs
Located at 5&7 o'clock of the anus
132
Osseo
Bone tissue
133
Osteo
Bone as a whole
134
2 divisions of a skeleton
1. Axial Skeleton
| 2. Appendicular Skeleton
135
What does the Axial Skeleton consist of?
Head/skull, vertebrae, ribs
136
What does the Appendicular Skeleton consists of?
Arms, legs, shoulders, hips, collarbone, legs, hands, feet
137
5 Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Leverage
4. Storage
5. Blood Cell Formation
138
2 Types of Bone
1. Cancellous Bone
| 2. Compact Bone
139
Cancellous Bone
spongy bone, porous, stores marrow
| flat bones, ribs, center of pelvis, center of long bones
140
Trabeculae
bone around the holes/pores of the spongy bones in order to make the bones light
141
Compact Bone
cortex
142
Structure of Compact Bone
Lamellae:
1. Concentric
2. Interstitial
3. Circumferential (inner and outer)
143
Concentric Lamellae
rings of compact bone within the bone
144
Interstitial Lamellae
compact bone between the concentric lamellae
145
Circumferential Lamellae
inner: toward center of the bone that wraps around the medullary cavity
outer: wraps around entire bone
146
Haversion System
one single unit of concentric lamellae, aka "osteon"
147
Haversion Canal
center of the haversion system or osteon, allows blood vessels to run though
148
Medullary Cavity
hole/cavity in the center of a bone
149
Lacuna
little pits in the bone that are filled with fluid and houses a little bone cell on the concentric lamellae
150
Canaliculi
passages for fluid to run through, connected to the lacuna
151
Bone Cells
1. Osteoblast
2. Osteocyte
3. Osteoclast
152
Osteoblast
an immature bone cell
153
Osteocyte
a mature bone cell
154
Osteoclast
breaks down bone when the body needs calcium
155
Volkmann's Canals
horizontal holes in the bone, have blood vessels going through them
156
Nutrient Foramen
hole in bone that provides space for a nutrient artery
157
Nutrient Artery
delivers blood to bone
158
Periosteum
thin layer of bone that surrounds the entire outside of the bone
159
Perichondrium
a layer of cartilage that wraps around the bone, eventually it turns into bone - periosteum
160
Sharpey's Fibers
fibers that anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone, outer circumferential lamellae
