Anatomy & Pharmacology of ANS Flashcards
What eye muscles contract for pupil dilation in a sympathetic nervous response?
radial muscles
What eye muscles relax for far vision during a sympathetic response?
ciliary muscles
The trachea and bronchii ______ during a sympathetic nervous response.
relax
The liver has _______ glycogenolysis during a sympathetic response.
increased
The skeletal muscles have _____ glycogenolysis during a sympathetic response.
increased
Where do the sympathetic nerves originate in the spinal cord?
thoracic
lumbar
- Sympathetic nerves synapse in the _______ sympathetic ganglia.
- There are ___ pairs.
paravertebral
22
Sympathetic nerves also synapse in the following areas, which are not part of the paravertebral chain: (3)
adrenal medulla
celiac ganglia
mesenteric ganglia
Short __________ neurons release acetylcholine.
pre-ganglionic
Long _________ neurons release norepinephrine (NE)
post-ganglionic
The only exception to post-ganglionic neurons releasing norepinephrine is that the nerves that innervate the ______ release Ach.
sweat glands
_________ nerves are generally myelinated.
Pre-ganglionic
_______ are generally unmyelinated.
Post-ganglionic
In a parasympathetic response, the eyes’ pupils contrict by means of the _______ muscles.
constrictor
As with sympathetic nerves, pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves are generally myelinated, while post-ganglionic nerves are generally unmyelinated.
True or false?
True.
Parasympathetic nervous transmission tends to be slower and less precise than sympathetic nervous transmission. True or false?
False, faster and more precise than SNS.
Parasympathetic nerves originate in these regions of the spinal cord: (2)
cranial
sacral
What is embryologically similar to a sympathetic ganglion?
adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is innervated by ______ _______ neurons.
pre-ganglionic cholinergic
Instead of a post-ganglionic nerve in the adrenal medulla, there is a gland comprised of chromaffin cells, which release _______ directly into the blood.
epinephrine (adrenaline)
_______ acts globally as a circulating hormone rather than acting locally like the neurotransmitters NE and Ach.
Epinephrine
Epinephrine activates the same receptors as _________, collectively referred to as ________ receptors.
norepinephrine
adrenergic
The _______ pathway is otherwise known as the SNS or sympathetic nervous system.
adrenergic
The _______ pathway which is also regarded as the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
cholinergic
_________ receptors involves the use of the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine while ______ receptors involves acetylcholine.
Adrenergic
cholinergic
Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves that innervate the GI do not directly regulate GI activity. True or false?
True.
Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves that innervate the GI are clusters of ______ neurons that control the surrounding tissue.
enteric
The enteric nervous system is a relatively simple one. True or false?
False
Enteric neurons utilize a wide variety of non-adrenergic,
non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters including : (5)
- serotonin
- ATP
- GABA
- nitric oxide
- several neuropeptides
Dominant resting tone of the veins and arterioles is regulated by the ______ system and are _____.
sympathetic
constricted
The dominant resting tone of the heart is the ______ system and has ______ rate.
parasympathetic
decreased
The dominant resting tone of the bronchii is the ______ system and is _______.
parasympathetic
contracted
The dominant resting tone of the ciliary muscle is the ______ system and has ______ .
parasympathetic
contraction
The dominant resting tone of the liver is the ______ system and has ______.
sympathetic
glycogenolysis
These tissues have no significant parasympathetic innervation, so sympathetic regulation is dominant in these regions. (2)
skeletal muscle
adipose tissue
ACh and NE activate what subtypes of receptors? (2)
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are part of the ______ line of receptors.
cholinergic
Norepinephrine activates what type of receptors? (2)
alpha
beta
Alpha and beta receptors are part of the ______ receptor line.
adrenergic
Parasympathetic nerves in the PNS utilize what receptors pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic?
pre-ganglionic release ACh onto Nicotinic receptor
post-ganglionic release ACh onto Muscarinic receptor
Sympathetic nerves of the PNS use what receptors at the pre-ganglionic terminal and post-ganglionic terminal?
pre-ganglionic release ACh onto nicotinic receptor
post-ganglionic release NOREPI onto adrenergic receptor
The somatic nerves utilize what receptors at pre-and post-ganglionic terminals?
Both are nicotinic
There are many useful subtype selective drugs in the clinic for these receptors: (2)
However, no useful drugs yet for this type of receptor: (1)
alpha, beta
muscarinic
The drug targets that are important in the parasympathetic division are _______ and ______ receptors because they control the time ACh remains in the synaptic cleft.
acetylcholinesterase
muscarinic
Important drug targets in the sympathetic division: (4)
VMAT (vesicular monamine transporter)
NET (norepinephrine transporter)
MAO (monamine oxidases)
adrenergic receptors (alpha 1,2 and beta 1,2)
ACh is released onto the muscle in somatic motor nerves onto ______ receptors causing contraction.
nicotinic
Motor neurons in spinal cord receive inputs from the ____ ____ in the brain.
motor cortex
Drug targets in the somatic motor nerve division are: (3)
ACh
Acetylcholinesterase
Nicotinic receptors
______ is a non-selective agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Nicotine
___ cigarettes worth of nicotine can kill a toddler.
8
Effects of nicotine overdose include: (6)
- nausea
- abdominal cramps
- sweating
- rapid breathing
- convulsions
- coma
______ is a ganglionic blocker developed in the 1960’s as an anti-hypertensive.
Trimethaphan
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are shut down by this drug.
trimethaphan
Since trimethaphan completely blocks all autonomic responses, it has numerous side effects (severe GI problems, respiratory problems, impotence, etc.). True or false?
True
Trimethaphan is currently used only in special cases in the ER to treat hypertensive crisis (when blood pressure must be rapidly and powerfully lowered to save a patient’s life). True or false?
True.
_______ blocks vesicles of ACh from binding.
Botox
Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent toxins known, with an LD50 of 300 pg/kg, meaning that 100 grams of botox could kill every human on earth. True or false?
True
