Anatomy & Pharmacology of ANS

Question 1

What eye muscles contract for pupil dilation in a sympathetic nervous response?

Answer 1

radial muscles

Question 2

What eye muscles relax for far vision during a sympathetic response?

Answer 2

ciliary muscles

Question 3

The trachea and bronchii ______ during a sympathetic nervous response.

Answer 3

relax

Question 4

The liver has _______ glycogenolysis during a sympathetic response.

Answer 4

increased

Question 5

The skeletal muscles have _____ glycogenolysis during a sympathetic response.

Answer 5

increased

Question 6

Where do the sympathetic nerves originate in the spinal cord?

Answer 6

thoracic

lumbar

Question 7

• Sympathetic nerves synapse in the _______ sympathetic ganglia.
• There are ___ pairs.

Answer 7

paravertebral

22

Question 8

Sympathetic nerves also synapse in the following areas, which are not part of the paravertebral chain: (3)

Answer 8

adrenal medulla

celiac ganglia

mesenteric ganglia

Question 9

Short __________ neurons release acetylcholine.

Answer 9

pre-ganglionic

Question 10

Long _________ neurons release norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 10

post-ganglionic

Question 11

The only exception to post-ganglionic neurons releasing norepinephrine is that the nerves that innervate the ______ release Ach.

Answer 11

sweat glands

Question 12

_________ nerves are generally myelinated.

Answer 12

Pre-ganglionic

Question 13

_______ are generally unmyelinated.

Answer 13

Post-ganglionic

Question 14

In a parasympathetic response, the eyes’ pupils contrict by means of the _______ muscles.

Answer 14

constrictor

Question 15

As with sympathetic nerves, pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves are generally myelinated, while post-ganglionic nerves are generally unmyelinated.

True or false?

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

Parasympathetic nervous transmission tends to be slower and less precise than sympathetic nervous transmission. True or false?

Answer 16

False, faster and more precise than SNS.

Question 17

Parasympathetic nerves originate in these regions of the spinal cord: (2)

Answer 17

cranial

sacral

Question 18

What is embryologically similar to a sympathetic ganglion?

Answer 18

adrenal medulla

Question 19

The adrenal medulla is innervated by ______ _______ neurons.

Answer 19

pre-ganglionic cholinergic

Question 20

Instead of a post-ganglionic nerve in the adrenal medulla, there is a gland comprised of chromaffin cells, which release _______ directly into the blood.

Answer 20

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Question 21

_______ acts globally as a circulating hormone rather than acting locally like the neurotransmitters NE and Ach.

Answer 21

Epinephrine

Question 22

Epinephrine activates the same receptors as _________, collectively referred to as ________ receptors.

Answer 22

norepinephrine

adrenergic

Question 23

The _______ pathway is otherwise known as the SNS or sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 23

adrenergic

Question 24

The _______ pathway which is also regarded as the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).

Answer 24

cholinergic

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ receptors involves the use of the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine while ______ receptors involves acetylcholine. ## Footnote

Answer 25

Adrenergic cholinergic

Question 26

Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves that innervate the GI do not directly regulate GI activity. True or false?

Answer 26

True.

Question 27

Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves that innervate the GI are clusters of ______ neurons that control the surrounding tissue.

Answer 27

enteric

Question 28

The enteric nervous system is a relatively simple one. True or false?

Answer 28

False

Question 29

Enteric neurons utilize a wide variety of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters including : (5)

Answer 29

* serotonin * ATP * GABA * nitric oxide * several neuropeptides

Question 30

Dominant resting tone of the veins and arterioles is regulated by the ______ system and are \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

sympathetic constricted

Question 31

The dominant resting tone of the heart is the ______ system and has ______ rate.

Answer 31

parasympathetic decreased

Question 32

The dominant resting tone of the bronchii is the ______ system and is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 32

parasympathetic contracted

Question 33

The dominant resting tone of the ciliary muscle is the ______ system and has ______ .

Answer 33

parasympathetic contraction

Question 34

The dominant resting tone of the liver is the ______ system and has \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 34

sympathetic glycogenolysis

Question 35

These tissues have no significant parasympathetic innervation, so sympathetic regulation is dominant in these regions. (2)

Answer 35

skeletal muscle adipose tissue

Question 36

ACh and NE activate what subtypes of receptors? (2)

Answer 36

Nicotinic Muscarinic

Question 36

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are part of the ______ line of receptors.

Answer 36

cholinergic

Question 37

Norepinephrine activates what type of receptors? (2)

Answer 37

alpha beta

Question 38

Alpha and beta receptors are part of the ______ receptor line.

Answer 38

adrenergic

Question 39

Parasympathetic nerves in the PNS utilize what receptors pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic?

Answer 39

pre-ganglionic release ACh onto Nicotinic receptor post-ganglionic release ACh onto Muscarinic receptor

Question 40

Sympathetic nerves of the PNS use what receptors at the pre-ganglionic terminal and post-ganglionic terminal?

Answer 40

pre-ganglionic release ACh onto nicotinic receptor post-ganglionic release NOREPI onto adrenergic receptor

Question 41

The somatic nerves utilize what receptors at pre-and post-ganglionic terminals?

Answer 41

Both are nicotinic

Question 42

There are many useful subtype selective drugs in the clinic for these receptors: (2) However, no useful drugs yet for this type of receptor: (1)

Answer 42

alpha, beta muscarinic

Question 43

The drug targets that are important in the parasympathetic division are _______ and ______ receptors because they control the time ACh remains in the synaptic cleft.

Answer 43

acetylcholinesterase muscarinic

Question 44

Important drug targets in the sympathetic division: (4)

Answer 44

VMAT (vesicular monamine transporter) NET (norepinephrine transporter) MAO (monamine oxidases) adrenergic receptors (alpha 1,2 and beta 1,2)

Question 45

ACh is released onto the muscle in somatic motor nerves onto ______ receptors causing contraction.

Answer 45

nicotinic

Question 46

Motor neurons in spinal cord receive inputs from the ____ \_\_\_\_ in the brain.

Answer 46

motor cortex

Question 47

Drug targets in the somatic motor nerve division are: (3)

Answer 47

ACh Acetylcholinesterase Nicotinic receptors

Question 48

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a non-selective agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Answer 48

Nicotine

Question 49

\_\_\_ cigarettes worth of nicotine can kill a toddler.

Answer 49

8

Question 50

Effects of nicotine overdose include: (6)

Answer 50

* nausea * abdominal cramps * sweating * rapid breathing * convulsions * coma

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a ganglionic blocker developed in the 1960's as an anti-hypertensive.

Answer 51

Trimethaphan

Question 52

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are shut down by this drug.

Answer 52

trimethaphan

Question 53

Since trimethaphan completely blocks all autonomic responses, it has numerous side effects (severe GI problems, respiratory problems, impotence, etc.). True or false?

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Trimethaphan is currently used only in special cases in the ER to treat hypertensive crisis (when blood pressure must be rapidly and powerfully lowered to save a patient’s life). True or false?

Answer 54

True.

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blocks vesicles of ACh from binding.

Answer 55

Botox

Question 56

Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent toxins known, with an LD50 of 300 pg/kg, meaning that 100 grams of botox could kill every human on earth. True or false?

Answer 56

True