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Pharmacology Test 1 > Anatomy & Pharmacology of ANS > Flashcards

Anatomy & Pharmacology of ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What eye muscles contract for pupil dilation in a sympathetic nervous response?

A

radial muscles

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2
Q

What eye muscles relax for far vision during a sympathetic response?

A

ciliary muscles

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3
Q

The trachea and bronchii ______ during a sympathetic nervous response.

A

relax

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4
Q

The liver has _______ glycogenolysis during a sympathetic response.

A

increased

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5
Q

The skeletal muscles have _____ glycogenolysis during a sympathetic response.

A

increased

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6
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves originate in the spinal cord?

A

thoracic

lumbar

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7
Q
  • Sympathetic nerves synapse in the _______ sympathetic ganglia.
  • There are ___ pairs.
A

paravertebral

22

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8
Q

Sympathetic nerves also synapse in the following areas, which are not part of the paravertebral chain: (3)

A

adrenal medulla

celiac ganglia

mesenteric ganglia

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9
Q

Short __________ neurons release acetylcholine.

A

pre-ganglionic

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10
Q

Long _________ neurons release norepinephrine (NE)

A

post-ganglionic

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11
Q

The only exception to post-ganglionic neurons releasing norepinephrine is that the nerves that innervate the ______ release Ach.

A

sweat glands

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12
Q

_________ nerves are generally myelinated.

A

Pre-ganglionic

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13
Q

_______ are generally unmyelinated.

A

Post-ganglionic

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14
Q

In a parasympathetic response, the eyes’ pupils contrict by means of the _______ muscles.

A

constrictor

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15
Q

As with sympathetic nerves, pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves are generally myelinated, while post-ganglionic nerves are generally unmyelinated.

True or false?

A

True.

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16
Q

Parasympathetic nervous transmission tends to be slower and less precise than sympathetic nervous transmission. True or false?

A

False, faster and more precise than SNS.

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nerves originate in these regions of the spinal cord: (2)

A

cranial

sacral

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18
Q

What is embryologically similar to a sympathetic ganglion?

A

adrenal medulla

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19
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by ______ _______ neurons.

A

pre-ganglionic cholinergic

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20
Q

Instead of a post-ganglionic nerve in the adrenal medulla, there is a gland comprised of chromaffin cells, which release _______ directly into the blood.

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

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21
Q

_______ acts globally as a circulating hormone rather than acting locally like the neurotransmitters NE and Ach.

A

Epinephrine

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22
Q

Epinephrine activates the same receptors as _________, collectively referred to as ________ receptors.

A

norepinephrine

adrenergic

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23
Q

The _______ pathway is otherwise known as the SNS or sympathetic nervous system.

A

adrenergic

24
Q

The _______ pathway which is also regarded as the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).

A

cholinergic

25
Q

_________ receptors involves the use of the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine while ______ receptors involves acetylcholine.

A

Adrenergic

cholinergic

26
Q

Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves that innervate the GI do not directly regulate GI activity. True or false?

A

True.

27
Q

Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves that innervate the GI are clusters of ______ neurons that control the surrounding tissue.

A

enteric

28
Q

The enteric nervous system is a relatively simple one. True or false?

A

False

29
Q

Enteric neurons utilize a wide variety of non-adrenergic,
non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters including : (5)

A
  • serotonin
  • ATP
  • GABA
  • nitric oxide
  • several neuropeptides
30
Q

Dominant resting tone of the veins and arterioles is regulated by the ______ system and are _____.

A

sympathetic

constricted

31
Q

The dominant resting tone of the heart is the ______ system and has ______ rate.

A

parasympathetic

decreased

32
Q

The dominant resting tone of the bronchii is the ______ system and is _______.

A

parasympathetic

contracted

33
Q

The dominant resting tone of the ciliary muscle is the ______ system and has ______ .

A

parasympathetic

contraction

34
Q

The dominant resting tone of the liver is the ______ system and has ______.

A

sympathetic

glycogenolysis

35
Q

These tissues have no significant parasympathetic innervation, so sympathetic regulation is dominant in these regions. (2)

A

skeletal muscle

adipose tissue

36
Q

ACh and NE activate what subtypes of receptors? (2)

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

36
Q

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are part of the ______ line of receptors.

A

cholinergic

37
Q

Norepinephrine activates what type of receptors? (2)

A

alpha

beta

38
Q

Alpha and beta receptors are part of the ______ receptor line.

A

adrenergic

39
Q

Parasympathetic nerves in the PNS utilize what receptors pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic?

A

pre-ganglionic release ACh onto Nicotinic receptor

post-ganglionic release ACh onto Muscarinic receptor

40
Q

Sympathetic nerves of the PNS use what receptors at the pre-ganglionic terminal and post-ganglionic terminal?

A

pre-ganglionic release ACh onto nicotinic receptor

post-ganglionic release NOREPI onto adrenergic receptor

41
Q

The somatic nerves utilize what receptors at pre-and post-ganglionic terminals?

A

Both are nicotinic

42
Q

There are many useful subtype selective drugs in the clinic for these receptors: (2)

However, no useful drugs yet for this type of receptor: (1)

A

alpha, beta

muscarinic

43
Q

The drug targets that are important in the parasympathetic division are _______ and ______ receptors because they control the time ACh remains in the synaptic cleft.

A

acetylcholinesterase

muscarinic

44
Q

Important drug targets in the sympathetic division: (4)

A

VMAT (vesicular monamine transporter)

NET (norepinephrine transporter)

MAO (monamine oxidases)

adrenergic receptors (alpha 1,2 and beta 1,2)

45
Q

ACh is released onto the muscle in somatic motor nerves onto ______ receptors causing contraction.

A

nicotinic

46
Q

Motor neurons in spinal cord receive inputs from the ____ ____ in the brain.

A

motor cortex

47
Q

Drug targets in the somatic motor nerve division are: (3)

A

ACh

Acetylcholinesterase

Nicotinic receptors

48
Q

______ is a non-selective agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

A

Nicotine

49
Q

___ cigarettes worth of nicotine can kill a toddler.

A

8

50
Q

Effects of nicotine overdose include: (6)

A
  • nausea
  • abdominal cramps
  • sweating
  • rapid breathing
  • convulsions
  • coma
51
Q

______ is a ganglionic blocker developed in the 1960’s as an anti-hypertensive.

A

Trimethaphan

52
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are shut down by this drug.

A

trimethaphan

53
Q

Since trimethaphan completely blocks all autonomic responses, it has numerous side effects (severe GI problems, respiratory problems, impotence, etc.). True or false?

A

True

54
Q

Trimethaphan is currently used only in special cases in the ER to treat hypertensive crisis (when blood pressure must be rapidly and powerfully lowered to save a patient’s life). True or false?

A

True.

55
Q

_______ blocks vesicles of ACh from binding.

A

Botox

56
Q

Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent toxins known, with an LD50 of 300 pg/kg, meaning that 100 grams of botox could kill every human on earth. True or false?

A

True

Pharmacology Test 1 (11 decks)

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