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Alimentary System > Anatomy Overview I > Flashcards

Anatomy Overview I Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘peritoneum’.

A

A thin (singles cell thick) serous (lubricated) layer, which lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds the organs within it.

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2
Q

Define ‘intraperitoneal’ and list all the organs that are classed as such.

A

Within the peritoneum

  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Liver
  • Duodenum (first section)
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Colon (transverse and sigmoid)
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3
Q

Define ‘retroperitoneal and list all the organs that are classed as such’.

A

Organs have peritoneum on their anterior side only

SAD PUCKER; 
S = Suprarenal (adrenal) Glands
A = Aorta/IVC
D = Duodenum (except the first section)
P = Pancreas (except the tail)
U = Ureters
C = Colon (ascending and descending)
K = Kidneys
E = (O)esophagus
R = Rectum
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4
Q

Define ‘omenta’.

A
  • Double folds of peritoneum passing from stomach and duodenum to other organs/body wall
  • Structurally similar to mesentery
  • Often form sheets over organs
  • Composed of mostly fat
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5
Q

Describe ‘mesentery’.

A

Peritoneal extensions that serve as a conduit for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels to intraperitoneal organs.

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6
Q

Describe the falciform ligament.

A

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and separates the liver into the right and left lobes.

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7
Q

Describe the mesentery of the small intestine.

A

It is the biggest fold of peritoneum, so it often called the greatest mesentery.

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8
Q

Describe the omental bursa.

A

The peritoneal cavity is divided into a greater and lesser sac that are connect by a short ‘neck’ called the epiloic foramen.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the GI tract.

A

(Small intestine) duodenum –> jejunum –> ileum –> (large intestine) caecum –> ascending, transverse, descending colon –> sigmoid colon –> anal canal –> rectum

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10
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the different parts of the gut tube.

A
  • Thoracic duct receives most of lymph from abdominal wall and abdominal organs
  • Lymphatic vessels run with their corresponding arteries
  • Lymphatic nodes form groups around major arteries and abdominal aorta
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11
Q

Name the vein that drains the GIT, as well as its formation and location.

A

Portal vein: collects poorly oxygenated but nutrient-rich from GIT (spleen, pancreas, gallbladder) and carries it to liver.

Formation: by union of splenic and superior mesenteric vein.

Location: behind neck of pancreas (L2).

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12
Q

Explain how abdominal pain can be referred and give examples.

A

Foregut (R + L hypochondrium and epigastrium): peptic ulcer, gastric disease, biliary/pancreatic disease, hepatic disease.

Midgut (R + L lumbar and periumbilical): appendicitis, small bowel obstruction, proximal colon cancer.

Hindgut (R + L iliac fossa and hypogastrium): large bowel obstruction, diverticular disease, carcinoma of colon.

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13
Q

Describe the three constrictions of the oesophagus.

A

Cervical (pharyngo-oesophageal): 15cm from incisor teeth

Thoracic (broncho-aortic): crossed by arch of aorta and left main bronchus

Diaphragmatic: passes through oesophageal hiatus (T10) of diaphragm.

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14
Q

Describe the production, transportation and storage of bile.

A

Production: in the liver.

Stored and concentrated: in the gallbladder (up to 50ml).

Transportation: biliary ducts carry bile from liver to gallbladder.

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15
Q

Name the artery that supplies the gallbladder and describe its location.

A

Cystic artery lies in the Triangle of Calot (between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver).

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16
Q

The pancreas: state its function, peritonisation, location (by surface marking), and associated structures.

A
  • Accessory digestive gland is both exocrine (pancreatic juice) and endocrine (insulin and glucagon)
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Lies along the transpyloric line (L1-2)
  • Portal vein is formed behind the neck of the pancreas
17
Q

The spleen: state its function, peritonisation and location (by surface marking).

A
  • Mobile haemo-lymphoid organ
  • Entirely covered by peritoneum except at hilum (‘bare’ area)
  • Located in left hypochondrium with ribs 9-11 on left side
18
Q

Name two causes of splenomegaly.

A
  • Anaemia

- Typhoid fever

19
Q

Name the main artery that supplies the foregut, its origin and its three main branches.

A

Coeliac trunk.

Origin: abdominal aorta (T12).

  1. Left gastric artery: runs along lesser curvature of stomach.
  2. Hepatic artery: supplies liver and gallbladder.
  3. Splenic artery: runs retroperitoneally along superior margin of pancreas.
20
Q

State the structures found in the midgut.

A
  • Small intestine including duodenum
  • Caecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon
21
Q

Describe the anatomy of the duodenum and the substances it receives.

A
  • Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine
  • 2nd section receives bile and pancreatic duct
22
Q

Describe the characteristics of the jejunum.

A
  • Deeper red
  • Thick and heavy wall
  • Greater vascularity
  • Long vasa recta
  • Few large loops creating arcade
  • Few Peyer’s patches
  • Less fat in mesentery
23
Q

Describe the characteristics of the ileum.

A
  • Pale pink
  • Thin and light wall
  • Less vasculairty
  • Short vasa recta
  • Many short loops creating arcade
  • Many Peyer’s patches
  • More fat in mesentery
24
Q

Name the main artery that supplies the midgut, its origin, relations and main (and other) branches.

A

Superior mesenteric artery.

Origin: branch of abdominal aorta (L1).

Relations: crossed anteriorly by splenic vein and neck of pancreas.

Main branches: jejunal and ill arteries.

Other branches: middle colic, right colic, iliocolic.

25
Q

Describe the structures found in the hindgut.

A
  • Distal 1/3rd of transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Upper part of anal canal
  • Epithelium of urinary bladder and most of urethra
26
Q

Name the main artery that supplies the hindgut, its origin, and branches.

A

Inferior mesenteric artery.

Origin: anterior branch of abdominal aorta (L3).

Branches: left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery (terminal branch).

27
Q

Describe the features that make the large intestine distinguishable from the small intestine.

A
  • Omental appendices: small, fatty, peritoneal-like projections
  • Haustra/sacculations
  • Teniae coli: thickened bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal layer)
28
Q

Describe the anatomy of the appendix, its position and clinical relevance.

A
  • Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue
  • Variable in position (most common is retrocaecal)
  • Macburney’s point: site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis
29
Q

At what vertebral level is the recto-sigmoid junction?

A

S3.

30
Q

What type of epithelium covers the anal canal?

A

Columnar above dentate/pectinate line, squamous below.

31
Q

What structures can be palpated through the rectum (in males, females and both)?

A

Males: prostate and seminal gland.

Females: cervix.

In both;

  • Ischial spines and tuberosities
  • Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes
  • Swelling in the ischioanal fossa
  • Sacrum and coccyx
  • Collections in rectovesical (male) and rectouterine (female) fossa
32
Q

Describe the autonomic innervations of the abdominal organs.

A

Parasympathetic (innervates peristalsis);

  • Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
  • Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)

Sympathetic (T5-L2/3);

  • Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater - T5-9, lesser - T10-11, least - T12)
  • Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
  • Abdominal aortic plexus
33
Q

Describe the sites and associated condition of porto-systemic anastomoses.

A
  • Portocaval shunts
  • Venous enlargements (varices) during portal obstruction

Anorectal junction: haemorrhoids or piles.
Gastroesophageal junction: oesophageal varices.
Paraumbilical: caput medusae.

34
Q

Describe the placement of the three terminal groups of lumbar lymph nodes.

A
  1. Pre-aortic (ceoliac, superior and inferior): drains organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta.
  2. Lateral aortic: drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches.
  3. Retro-aortic: drains posterior abdominal wall.

Alimentary System (43 decks)

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