Anatomy Overview

Question 1

pre central gyrus

Answer 1

primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation

Question 2

prefrontal cortex

Answer 2

controls emotions and judgements

Question 3

postcentral gyrus

Answer 3

• parietal lobe
• primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation
• receives fibers converting touch, proprioceptive pain and temperature sensations from opposite side of body

Question 4

Sensory cortical somatotopic organization

Answer 4

• sensory homunculus
• anterior: foot, leg
• middle: head, shoulder, arm, wrist
• posterior: eyes, nose, face, lips, tongue

Question 5

Broca’s area

Answer 5

• expressive aphasia
• frontal lobe

Question 6

wernicke’s area

Answer 6

• receptive aphasia
• temporal lobe

Question 7

Insula

Answer 7

• deep within lateral sulcus
• addictive behavior, emotion, self-awareness, homeostasis

Question 8

limbic

Answer 8

• memory formation, instinctual behavior, emotions
• includes limbic lobe, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid nucleus, hypothalamus and anterior nucleus of thalamus

Question 9

circuits existing in basal ganglia

Answer 9

• oculomotor circuit: functions with saccadic eye movements
• motor loop: scale amplitude and velocity of movements, reinforces selected pattern, suppresses conflicting patterns, preparatory movements
• limbic circuit: organizes behaviors and for procedural learning

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

maintains body homeostasis, regulates body temperature, eating, water balance, anterior pituitary function, emotion

Question 11

epithalamus

Answer 11

pineal gland
- secretes hormones hat influence the pituitary glands and several other organs; influences circadian rhythm

Question 12

flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum of cerebellum

Answer 12

• connects with vestibular system and is concerned with equilibrium and regulation of muscle tone
• helps coordinate vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 13

Spinocerebellum

Answer 13

• adaptive motor coordination in axial and limb musculature
• receives input from proprioceptive pathways and is concerned with modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions
• important in maintenance of posture and voluntary movement control

Question 14

Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 14

0 Concerned with smooth coordination of voluntary movements
- ensures accurate force, direction and extent of movement
- important for motor learning, sequencing of movements and visually triggered movements

Question 15

thalamus - sensory nuclei

Answer 15

• integrate and relay sensory information from body, face, retina, cochlea, and taste
• no olfaction

Question 16

thalamus - motor nuclei

Answer 16

• relay motor information from cerebellum and globes plods to pre central motor cortex

Question 17

thalamus- other nuclei

Answer 17

assist in integration of visceral and somatic functions

Question 18

midbrain - colliculi

Answer 18

• superior: important relay station for vision and visual reflex
• inferior: important relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes

Question 19

midbrain - tegmentum

Answer 19

• contains all ascending tracts and some descending
• red nucleus receives fibers from cerebellum
• origin for rubrospinal tract
• important for coordination
• CN III and VI nucleis

Question 20

midbrain- substantia nigra

Answer 20

• large motor nucleus connecting basal ganglia and cortex
• important in motor control and muscle tone

Question 21

midbrain - PAG

Answer 21

contains endorphin- producing cells and descending tracts that are important for pain and reflex modulation

Question 22

pons - raphe nuclei

Answer 22

modulating pain and controlling arousal

Question 23

medulla oblongata - medial longitudinal fasciculus

Answer 23

• arrises from vestibular nuclei and extends throughout brainstem and upper cervical spine
• important for control of head movements and gaze stabilization (VOR)

Question 24

medullar oblongata - olivary nuclear complex

Answer 24

• connects cerebellum to brainstem
• important for voluntary movement control

Question 25

what is produces in reticular activating system

Answer 25

key NTs that assist with attention, arousal and modulation of muscle tone

Question 26

what occurs when there is damage to RAS

Answer 26

dysregulation of sleep-wake cycles, impaired arousal and ability to focus

Question 27

A-alpha nerve fibers

Answer 27

proprioceptors of skeletal muscle
- fastest, largest diameter

Question 28

A-beta nerve fibers

Answer 28

mechanoreceptors of skin (touch, pressure)

Question 29

A gamma fibers

Answer 29

motor to muscle spindles

Question 30

A delta fibers

Answer 30

• fast/sharp/localized pain, temperature and crude touch

Question 31

C fibers

Answer 31

slowest, unmyelinated
- temperature, pain, itch