Anatomy Overview Flashcards
pre central gyrus
primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation
prefrontal cortex
controls emotions and judgements
postcentral gyrus
- parietal lobe
- primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation
- receives fibers converting touch, proprioceptive pain and temperature sensations from opposite side of body
Sensory cortical somatotopic organization
- sensory homunculus
- anterior: foot, leg
- middle: head, shoulder, arm, wrist
- posterior: eyes, nose, face, lips, tongue
Broca’s area
- expressive aphasia
- frontal lobe
wernicke’s area
- receptive aphasia
- temporal lobe
Insula
- deep within lateral sulcus
- addictive behavior, emotion, self-awareness, homeostasis
limbic
- memory formation, instinctual behavior, emotions
- includes limbic lobe, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid nucleus, hypothalamus and anterior nucleus of thalamus
circuits existing in basal ganglia
- oculomotor circuit: functions with saccadic eye movements
- motor loop: scale amplitude and velocity of movements, reinforces selected pattern, suppresses conflicting patterns, preparatory movements
- limbic circuit: organizes behaviors and for procedural learning
hypothalamus
maintains body homeostasis, regulates body temperature, eating, water balance, anterior pituitary function, emotion
epithalamus
pineal gland
- secretes hormones hat influence the pituitary glands and several other organs; influences circadian rhythm
flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum of cerebellum
- connects with vestibular system and is concerned with equilibrium and regulation of muscle tone
- helps coordinate vestibulo-ocular reflex
Spinocerebellum
- adaptive motor coordination in axial and limb musculature
- receives input from proprioceptive pathways and is concerned with modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions
- important in maintenance of posture and voluntary movement control
Cerebrocerebellum
0 Concerned with smooth coordination of voluntary movements
- ensures accurate force, direction and extent of movement
- important for motor learning, sequencing of movements and visually triggered movements
thalamus - sensory nuclei
- integrate and relay sensory information from body, face, retina, cochlea, and taste
- no olfaction
thalamus - motor nuclei
- relay motor information from cerebellum and globes plods to pre central motor cortex
thalamus- other nuclei
assist in integration of visceral and somatic functions
midbrain - colliculi
- superior: important relay station for vision and visual reflex
- inferior: important relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes
midbrain - tegmentum
- contains all ascending tracts and some descending
- red nucleus receives fibers from cerebellum
- origin for rubrospinal tract
- important for coordination
- CN III and VI nucleis
midbrain- substantia nigra
- large motor nucleus connecting basal ganglia and cortex
- important in motor control and muscle tone
midbrain - PAG
contains endorphin- producing cells and descending tracts that are important for pain and reflex modulation
pons - raphe nuclei
modulating pain and controlling arousal
medulla oblongata - medial longitudinal fasciculus
- arrises from vestibular nuclei and extends throughout brainstem and upper cervical spine
- important for control of head movements and gaze stabilization (VOR)
medullar oblongata - olivary nuclear complex
- connects cerebellum to brainstem
- important for voluntary movement control
what is produces in reticular activating system
key NTs that assist with attention, arousal and modulation of muscle tone
what occurs when there is damage to RAS
dysregulation of sleep-wake cycles, impaired arousal and ability to focus
A-alpha nerve fibers
proprioceptors of skeletal muscle
- fastest, largest diameter
A-beta nerve fibers
mechanoreceptors of skin (touch, pressure)
A gamma fibers
motor to muscle spindles
A delta fibers
- fast/sharp/localized pain, temperature and crude touch
C fibers
slowest, unmyelinated
- temperature, pain, itch
