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Anatomy of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Meaning of pronate?

A

Turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing downwards or inwards.

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3
Q

Supinate?

A

Turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing upwards or outwards.

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4
Q

Where does pronation & supinatin occur in upper limbs?

A

At the proximal (superior) and distal (inferior) radioulnar joints

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5
Q

What happens during pronation of upper limb?

A

Radius moves over ulna during pronation

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6
Q

What 3 factors stabalise joints?

A

Shape of articulating bones (= congruency)

Ligaments (and capsule)

Muscle tone

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7
Q

What can failure of mechanisms that stabailise joints when subjected to force lead to?

A

Subluxation (partial dislocation, where articular surfaces are displaced but still overlap)

Dislocation (although not always used in this context)

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8
Q

Articular surface ?

A

Any surface of a skeletal formation (bone, cartilage) that

makes normal direct contact with another skeletal

structure as part of a synovial joint

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9
Q

Elbow joint ligaments which maintain stability?

A
  • Lateral (radial) collateral ligament
  • Annular ligament
  • Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament
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10
Q

Lateral (radial) collateral ligament?

A

Attaches to lateral epicondyle of humerus and annular ligament

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11
Q

Annular ligament?

A

Stabilises proximal radioulnar joint by holding radius against radial notch of ulna

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12
Q
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13
Q

Muscles of shoulder girdle?

A

Trapezius

Rhomboid major

Rhomboid minor

Latissimus dorsi

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Levator scapulae

Rotator cuff muscles

Deltoid

Teres major

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14
Q

Innervation of trapezius?

A

CV XI

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15
Q

Innervation of rhomboid minor & major?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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16
Q

Innervation of latissmus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

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17
Q

Innervation of pectoralis major?

A

Medial and lateral prectoral nerves

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18
Q

Innervation of pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

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19
Q

Innervation of serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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20
Q

Innervation of levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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21
Q

Innervation of deltoid?

A

Axillary nerve

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22
Q

Innervation of teres major?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
Q

Rotator cuff muscles?

A

Important group of muscles found anterior, superior and posterior to shoulder joint

|mportant stabalisers of the joint, resiting displacement of humeral head

Muscle fibres are orineted horizontally or obliquely –> therefore hold the head of humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula in all positions of joint

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32
Q

4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Subscapularis

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33
Q

Greater tuberosity?

A

Where supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles are attached to humerus

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34
Q

Lesser tuberosity?

A

Attachment of lesser subscapularis to humerus

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35
Q

Rotator cuff muscles?

A

Hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa

1/3 of the humeral head is in contact with glenoid fossa at any time

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36
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37
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38
Q

Compartments?

A

Arm and forearm of upper limb are surrounded by deep fascia and separated into compartments by fascial septa

Each compartment contains muscles, nerves, arteries, veins and lymphatics

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39
Q

What do compartments generally have?

A

Common arterial supply, venous drainage and motor innervation

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40
Q

Anterir arm compartment?

A

Brachial artery

Brachial vein

Musculocutaneous nerve supplying muscles

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41
Q

Posterior arm compartment?

A

Artery - profunda brachii, ulnar collateral

Vein - Profuna brachii

Nerve supllying muscles - Radial

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42
Q

Anterior forearm compartment?

A

Artery - Radial, ulnar

Vein - Venae comitantes

Nerve supplying muscles - median (+ ulnar)

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43
Q

Posterior arm compartment?

A

Artery - interosseous

Vein - venae comitantes

Nerve supplying muscles - radial

44
Q

Hand compartment?

A

Artery - deep and superficial palmar arches

Nerve supplying muscles - ulnar (+ median = LOAF)

45
Q

Anterior compartment (BBC ms)?

A

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Coracobrachialis

46
Q

Innervation of anterior compartment of arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

47
Q

Actions of anterior compartment of arm?

A

Flexion of arm and forearm

(Biceps brachii also supinates forearm)

48
Q

Posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Tricepts brachii

49
Q

Innervation of posterior compartment of arm?

A

Radial nerve

50
Q

Actions of posterior compartment of arm?

A

Extension of arm and forearm

51
Q

Innervation of posterior compartment of forearm?

A

ALL radial nerve

52
Q

Actions of posterior compartment of forearm?

A

Extension of the wrist and digits, abduction and adduction of the wrists; supination of the forearm

53
Q

Thenar eminence?

A

Group of muscles on the palm of the human hand at the base of the thumb

54
Q

Thenar eminence?

A
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
  • opponens pollicis
55
Q

Innervation of thenar eminence?

A

median nerve

56
Q

Hypothenar eminence?

A
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
57
Q

Innervation of hypothenar eminence?

A

Ulnar nerve

59
Q

Muscles of hand supplied by median nerve?

A

LOAF

L = medial 2 lumbricals

O = opponens pollicis

A = abductor pollicis brevis

F = flexor pollicis brevis

60
Q

Lumbricals?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the hand that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, and extend the interphalangeal joints

Attached to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

61
Q

Innervation of lumbricals?

A
  • median n. (lateral 2)
  • ulnar n. (medial 2)
62
Q

Interossei?

A

Dorsal interossei – Abduction of digits (DAB)

Palmar interossei – Adduction of digits (PAD

63
Q

Innervation of interossei?

A

All ulnar nerve

64
Q

What is sensory and motor innervation of the upper limb provided by?

A

Brachial plexus

65
Q

Brachial plexus?

A

Nerve plexus that supplies motor and sensory branches to the shoulder region and the whole of the upper limb

66
Q

Where does brachial plexus originate?

A

From anterior rami of C5- T1

67
Q

Where do branches of brachial plexus pass through?

68
Q

Roots of brachial plexus?

A

Derived from anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1

69
Q

How are thr trunks of the brachial plexus derives from the roots?

A
  • C5 and C6 form the superior (upper) trunk
  • C7 continues as the middle trunk
  • C8 and T1 form the inferior (lower) trunk
70
Q

Divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

2 divisions - anterior and posterior division derived from each trunk

No branches from divisions

71
Q

How are the cords of the brachial plexus named>

A

According to their relationship with the axillary artery

72
Q

Posterior cord?

A

3 posterior divisions come together to form posterior cord

73
Q

Lateral cord of brachial plexus?

A

The anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks come together to form the lateral cord

74
Q

Medial cord of brachial plexus?

A

The anterior division of the inferior trunk continues as the medial cord

75
Q

Main branches of brachial plexus?

A

5 main motor and sensory nerves of the upper limb

Musculocutaneous nerve

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

76
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Branch of the lateral cord

77
Q

Median nerve

A

Formed from contributions from both the medial and lateral cords

78
Q

Ulnar nerve?

A

Branch of the medial cord

79
Q

Which nerves does the posterior cord branch into?

A

Axillary and radial nerves

80
Q

Minor branches of brachial plexus?

A

Supply muscles of shoulder girdle

81
Q

What is the brachial plexus divided into?

A

The brachial plexus is divided into five roots, three trunks, six divisions (three anterior and three posterior), three cords, and five branches

82
Q

Carpal tunnel?

A

An osteofascial tunnel between the carpal bones and the inextensible flexor retinaculum (palmar ligament)

83
Q

Which nerve travels through carpal tunnel and what is it at risk of?

A

Median nerve

At risk of compression in any conditions which reduces the space in the tunnel

84
Q

What is the carpal tunnel formed by?

A

Flexor retinaculum

Carpal bones

85
Q

Contents of carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (x4)

Flexor digitorum profundus (x4)

Flexor pollicis longus (x1)

Median nerve

86
Q

Arteries of upper limb

87
Q

Scapular anastomosis?

A
  • Suprascapuar
  • Dorsal scapular
  • Circumflex scapular
88
Q

Venous drainage of upper limb?

A

variable

  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Venae comitantes
  • Cephalic vein
  • Median cubital vein
  • Basilic vein
90
Q

Muscles in anterior compartment of arm?

A

Biceps brachialis

Coracobrachialis

Brachialis

91
Q

Innervation of muscles in anterior compartment of arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

92
Q

Actions of muscles in anterior compartment of arm?

A

Flexion of arm and forearm

Biceps brachii can also supinate forearm

93
Q

Proximal attachments of biceps brachii?

A

Long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Short head - coracoid process

94
Q

Where do both heads of biceps brachii attach distally?

A

Both heads attach distally to the lesser tuberosity of the radius.

95
Q

Attachments of coracobrachialis?

A

Attaches from coracoid process of scapula to humerus

Flexes forearm at elbow joint

96
Q

Attachment of brachialis?

A

Attaches from humerus to coronoid process of ulnar

Flexes forearm at elbow joint

98
Q

Muscles in posterior compartment of arm?

A

Triceps brachii

99
Q

Innervation of posterior compartment of arm

A

Radial nerve

100
Q

Actions of posterior compartment of arm?

A

Extension of arm and forearm

101
Q

Superficial muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?

A

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus (not everyone has this)

Flexor carpi ulnaris

102
Q

Intermediate muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis:

103
Q

Deep muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus – half ulnar nerve

Flexor pollicis longus

Pronator quadratus

104
Q

Innervation of muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?

A

ALL median nerve EXCEPT flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar (medial) half of flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve)

105
Q

Actions of muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?

A

Flexion of the wrist and digits; adduction of the wrist; pronation of the forearm

Musculoskeletal (12 decks)

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