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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy of the lower limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of the lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Upper limb?

A

Axilla Arm/ brachium Elbow/ cubital fossa Forearm/ anti- brachium Wrist Hand

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2
Q

Lower limb?

A

Inguinal region/groin Thigh/ fermoral region Knee/Popliteal fossa Leg Ankle Foot

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3
Q

Where does lower limb extend from?

A

Pelvis

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4
Q

Functions of lower limb?

A

support body weight locomotion maintain balance

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5
Q

Gluteal region - superficial muscle group?

A

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae

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6
Q

Functions of gluteal region superficial muscle group?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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7
Q

Innervation of gluteal region superficial muscle group?

A

Innervated by gluteal nerves - Gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal - All others = superior gluteal Trendelenburg’s gait

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8
Q

Trendelenburg’s gait?

A

Abnormal walking resulting from a defective hip abductor mechanism Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles Weakness of these muscles causes drooping of pelvis to contralateral side

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9
Q

Gluteal region - deep muscle group?

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris

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10
Q

Functions of gluteal region deep muscle group?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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11
Q

Innervation of gluteal region deep muscle group?

A

Nerves from sacral plexus

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Where do nerves enter/ exit pelvis and perineum?

A

Via greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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14
Q

What forms greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Formed by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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15
Q

When sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments are not in place, what are the greater and lesser sciatic foramen called?

A
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16
Q

Gluteal region is divided into what for injections?

A

Quadrants

UI, UO, LI, LO

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

A number of nerves enter/ exit the pelvis via…?

Examples…?

A

Gluteal region

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19
Q

Sciatic nerve?

A

Largest in body

Supplies posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles & most of the skin via tibial and common fibular braches

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Pudendal nerve?

A
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22
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?

A

S1- S3

Supplies skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Sciatic nerve?

A
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25
Q

Where does sciatic nerve usually exit?

A

Inferior to piriformis

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26
Q

Does sciatic nerve supply anything in gluteal region?

A

No

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27
Q

Where does sciatic nerve separate and into what?

A

Separates in distal thigh to tibial nerve and common fibular

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28
Q

Boundaries of femoral triangle?

A

Superior - inguinal ligament

Medially - adductor longus

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29
Q

Contents of femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve

Femoral Artery

Femoral Vein

Lymphatics

(lateral to medial)

NAVYL

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30
Q
A
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31
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32
Q
A
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33
Q

Compartment syndrome?

A

Fascia creates enclosed space

Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid

Affects functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment

Can be acute or chronic

Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in emergency

34
Q

3 compartments of the thigh?

A
35
Q

3 compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior, posterior, lateral

36
Q

Anterior compartment of thigh?

A

Flexors of thigh

Extensors of leg

All femoral nerve

37
Q

Innervation of anterior compartment of thigh?

A

All femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

Except from psoas major - L1, L2, L3

38
Q

Medial compartment of thigh?

A

Adductors of thigh

(Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus)

39
Q

Innervation of medial compartment of thigh?

A

All obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

Except from hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

40
Q

Posterior compartment of thigh?

A

Extensors of thigh and flexors of leg

(Semitendinosus, semimembranous & biceps femoris)

41
Q

Innervation of posteiror compartment of thigh?

A

All tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Except short head biceps femoris (common fibular division of sciatic nerve)

42
Q

Anterior compartment of leg?

A
43
Q

Innervation of anterior compartment of leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

44
Q

Lateral compartment of leg?

A

Evert foot & weakly plantarflex ankle

(Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis)

45
Q

Innervation of lateral compartment of leg?

A

All superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

46
Q

Superficial group of posterior compartment of leg?

A

Plantarflexors of ankle

(Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris)

47
Q

Innervation of superficial group of posterior compartment of leg?

A

All tibial nerve (S1, S2)

48
Q

Deep group of posterior compartment of leg?

A

Flexors of toes & plantarflexors of ankle

(Popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior)

49
Q

Innervation of deep group of posterior compartment of leg?

A

All tibial nerve

50
Q

What type of joint is hip joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

51
Q

Features of hip joint?

A

Synovial

Multiaxial:

  • Flexion- extension
  • Abduction- adduction
  • Medial- lateral rotation
  • Circumduction
52
Q

Neck of femur fractures?

A

At hip joint

53
Q
A
54
Q

In hip joint what is ball and what is socket?

A

Ball = head of femur

Socket = acetabulum

55
Q

What forms hip joint ligaments?

A

Thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule forms ligaments

56
Q

Hip joint ligaments?

A

iliofemoral (ileum to femur)

pubofemoral (Pubic bone to femur)

ischiofemoral (Ischium to femur)

57
Q

Function of hip joint ligaments?

A

Strengthen joint capsule

58
Q

Ligament to head of femur from acetabulum?

A

Ligament surrounds artery and does not support synovial joint

Ligamentum teres

59
Q

Main blood supply to hip joint in adults?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

(Usually from deep femoral artery)

60
Q
A
61
Q

Up to age 4, which artery is important in supplying blood to hip joint area?

A

Artery to head of fermur

62
Q
A
63
Q

Knee joint?

A

Hinge joint and synovial joint

64
Q

Hinge joint part of knee joint?

A

3 articulations:

  • 2x femerotibial
  • 1x femeropatellar
65
Q

Main movement of knee joint?

A

Flexion- extension

66
Q

Synovial joint at knee joint?

A

External fibrous layer (not as strong as hip joint)

Internal membranous layer (extensions as bursae)

67
Q
A
68
Q

Extracapsular knee joint ligaments?

A

Patellar ligament

Lateral (fibular) cillateral ligament

Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

69
Q

Intra- articular ligaments of knee joint?

A

Anterior cruciate (ACL)

Posterior cruciate (PCL)

70
Q

Menisci of knee joint ligaments?

A
  • fibrocartilage
  • medial and lateral
71
Q

How is knee joint integrity checked?

A

Anterior/ posterior drawer signs

72
Q

Is knee joint strong or weak?

A

Weak

73
Q

Where is popliteal fossa?

A

Posterior to knee

74
Q

Boundaries of popliteal fossa?

A
  • superolaterally – biceps femoris
  • superomedially – semimembranosus
  • inferiorly – gastrocnemius
  • roof – popliteal fascia
75
Q

Contents of popliteal fossa?

A

lots of fat

terminal small saphenous vein

popliteal vessels

tibial and common fibular nerves

76
Q

Calcaneal/ achilles tendon?

A

Thickest and strongest of body

Tendons of gastocnemius and soleus together

Attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

‘Ankle jerk reflex’ = normal result is plantarflexion, tests S1, S2 nerve roots

77
Q
A
78
Q

Superficial lymphatics?

A

follow saphenous veins

drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes

then external iliac lymph nodes

79
Q

Deep lymphatics?

A

Follow deep veins

(Popliteal lymph nodes)

Deep inguinal lymph nodes

External iliac lymph nodes

80
Q

Lumbar lymphatics?

A

From external to common iliac

81
Q
A

Musculoskeletal (12 decks)

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