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MED 1022 > Anatomy of the Heart. > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart. Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum.

A

Space between the two pleural cavities.

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2
Q

What are the contents of the Mediastinum?

A

Thymus, Lymph nodes, Trachea, Pericardial Sac, Heart, Main arteries and veins.

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3
Q

What line divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?

A

Transverse plane from sternal angle to T4 and T5.

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4
Q

What is the pericardium made out of?

A

A fibrous and a serous layer.

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5
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium.

A

A tough connective tissue layer which defines the boundaries of the middle mediastinum.

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6
Q

What are the components of the serous pericardium.

A

Parietal and Visceral layer.

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7
Q

What are the attachments of the pericardium?

A

The base is attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm, and to the sternum with sternopericardial ligaments.

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8
Q

What is the innervation of the pericardium?

A

The phrenic nerves.

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9
Q

Origin of the phrenic nerves?

A

C3, C4, C5.

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10
Q

Where is the serous and the parietal layers of the visceral pericardium continuous with each other?

A

1 surrounding the arteries and one surrounding the veins.

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11
Q

Two refelections of the serous pericardium.

A

Oblique pericardial sinus and transverse pericardial sinus.

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12
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus.

A

When the pericardium is opened a finger can be placed here and it seperates the arteries and the veins.

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13
Q

Oblique pericardial sinus.

A

A hand under the apex of the heart and moved superiorly will meet this.

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14
Q

What is the signficance of the innervation of the pericardium.

A

Somatic pain from the pericardium can be reffered by SOMATIC AFFERENT FIBRES in the phrenic nerves to the supraclavicular region.

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15
Q

Pericarditis.

A

Inflammation of the pericardium.

Bacterial, viral, Chronic renal failure, Post myocardial infarction.

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16
Q

How to differentiate pain from pericarditis with pain from myocardial infarction.

A

Ask patient to sit forward and you can do an ECG. Pain may radiate to one or both arms like in angina.

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17
Q

Pericardial effusion.

A

Excess fluid between the layers of the pericardium.

Can compress the heart resulting in BIVENTRICULAR FAILURE.

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18
Q

Cardiac tamponade.

A

Caused due to Pericardial effusion where the pericardial sac is COMPRESSED due to effusion.

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19
Q

Constrictive pericarditis.

A

Abnormal thickening of the pericardial sac which constricts the heart. The jugular venous pulse in the neck increases on inspiration and is called the Kussmaul’s sign.

20
Q

What are the structures froming the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium, small part of right and proximal part of the veins.

21
Q

Where does the base of the heart rest?

A

On the pericardial wall opposite T5 to T8 (T6 - T9 when standing).

22
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left Ventrical. Inferolateral part.

23
Q

What is the position of the apex of the heart on the surface?

A

Deep to the left fifth intercostal, midclavicular line.

24
Q

What of the heart rests on the Diaphragm?

A

2/3 Left ventricle, 1/3 Right ventricle.

25
Q

The left pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium and ventricle.

26
Q

The right pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Right atrium.

27
Q

The right and left margins of the heart…

A

Are the same as the right and left pulmonary surfaces.

28
Q

The inferior margin of the heart.

A

Between the front of the heart and the diaphragmatic surface.

29
Q

The obtuse margin of the heart.

A

Between the front of the heart and the left pulmonary surface.

30
Q

In a chest X-ray of the patient in AP view, what do you see on the right side of the patient?

A

Right atrium and superior vena cava.

31
Q

In a chest X-ray of the patient in AP view, what do you see on the left side of the patient?

A

Left ventricle and apex.

32
Q

Where is the Coronary sulcus?

A

Goes around the heart in a circle separating the atria from the ventricles.

33
Q

What does the Coronary sulcus contain?

A

Right coronary artery, small cardiac vein, coronary sinus, circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.

34
Q

What do the Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci do?

A

Seperate the two ventricles.

35
Q

What does the anterior interventricular sulcus contain?

A

Anterior interventricular artery and the great cardiac vein.

36
Q

What does the posterior interventricular sulcus contain?

A

Posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein.

37
Q

Which 3 veins deliver blood to the atria?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.

38
Q

What is the Sulcus terminalis cordis?

A

Indicates the division of the right atrium in to two continuous segments. Right side of the opening of the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava.

39
Q

Where does the Sulcus terminalis originate and where does it go?

A

It goes from the right side of the opening of the superior vena cava to the right side of the opening of the inferior vena cava.

40
Q

How would you identify the sulcus terminalis from within the atria?

A

You would look for the crista terminalis.

41
Q

What is the crista teminalis?

A

Its a smooth muscular ridge found in the right atria which goes from the opening of the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava.

42
Q

Crista terminalis in the embryo?

A

Junction of the sinus venosus and the heart in the embryo.

43
Q

The Crista terminalis is the origin for what muscle?

A

The pectinate muscle.

44
Q

Sinus of vena cavae.

A

Derived from the right horn of the sinus venosus. Vena cava empty into this.

45
Q

Atrium proper.

A

Space anterior to the crista and includes the right auricle. Its walls are covered by musculi pectinati.

MED 1022 (21 decks)

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