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Ophthalmology > Anatomy Of The Eye > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomically, how may the eye be divided

A

Into 3 layers:

  1. Fibrous
  2. Vascular
  3. Inner
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2
Q

What does the fibrous layer of the eye contain

A

Sclera and cornea

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3
Q

What is the sclera

A

White structure comprises 85% of fibrous layer, enables attachment of extra-ocular muscles

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4
Q

What is the cornea

A

Transparent structure at the front of the eye

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of the vascular layer

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Iris
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6
Q

What is the choroid

A

Blood supply to the retina

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7
Q

What is the ciliary body

A

Comprised of the ciliary muscle and ciliary process it controls the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humour

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8
Q

What Is the ciliary muscle

A

Smooth muscle fibres that control shape of the lens

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9
Q

What is the ciliary process

A

Fibres that connect ciliary muscle to lens

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10
Q

What is the iris

A

Circular structure with aperture in the centre that enables light to enter. Smooth muscle controls diameter of the iris.

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11
Q

What forms the inner layer of the eye

A

Retina

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12
Q

What is the retina comprised of

A

Neural Layer

Pigmented Layer

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13
Q

What is the neural layer

A

Contains photoreceptors

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14
Q

What is the pigmented layer

A

Attaches to choroid to help support the neural layer

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15
Q

What is the non-visual retina

A

Where part of the pigmented layer continues anteriorly without neural layer

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16
Q

What is the optic retina

A

Neural and pigmented layer

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17
Q

What part of the retina is seen in ophthalmoscopy

A

Optic retina

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18
Q

What is the centre of the retina called

A

Macula

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19
Q

How does the macular appear on opthalmoscopy

A

Yellow

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20
Q

What is in the centre of the macula

A

Fovea

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21
Q

What does the fovea do

A

High-visual acuity

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22
Q

Where does the optic nerve enter the eye

A

Optic disc

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23
Q

What is not located at the optic disc

A

Photoreceptors

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24
Q

What are the two compartments of the eye

A

anterior and posterior chamber

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25
What is the anterior chamber of the eye
from lens to cornea
26
where is the posterior chamber of the eye
iris and ciliary process
27
what are chambers filled with
aqueous humour
28
what drains aqueous humour
canal of schlemm - located in the trabecular meshwork
29
What is the arterial supply to the eye
Ophthalmic artery
30
Where does the ophthalmic artery arise
Internal carotid artery
31
What is the most important branch of the ophthalmic artery
Central retinal artery
32
What is the venous drainage of the eye
Superior and Inferior ophthalmic veins
33
Where do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain
Cavernous sinus
34
What are the 3 main presentations for eye conditons
1. Red Eye 2. Acute visual Loss 3. Chronic visual loss
35
What 4 conditions may present with a red eye
1. Conjunctivitis 2. Keratitis 3. Uveitis 4. Acute glaucoma
36
What 6 conditions may cause acute loss of vision
``` 1. Central retinal artery occlusion 2. Central retinal vein occlusion 3. Retinal detachment 4. Stroke 5. GCA 6. Vitreous Haemorrhage ```
37
What 4 conditions may cause chronic visual loss
1. Cataracts 2. Chronic glaucoma 3. Macular degeneration 4. Diabetic retinopathy
38
How many bones form the orbit
7
39
What two bones form the superior orbit
Sphenoid | Frontal
40
What two bones form the lateral orbit
Zygomatic | Sphenoid
41
What is a way to remember bones that form medial orbit
LEMS
42
What 3 bones form inferior orbit
Maxilla Palatine Zygomatic
43
What 4 bones form medial orbit
Lacrimal Ethmoidal Maxillary Sphenoidal
44
What is the main blood supply to the eye
Opthalmic.a
45
Describe origin of opthalmic artery
First branch of the internal carotid artery. It passes through the cavernous sinus
46
What are the two groups of branches of opthalmic artery
Orbital | Optical
47
What is the role of the orbital group
Orbital = Innervates structures in the orbit
48
What is the role of the topical group
Optical = innervates the eye and muscles
49
What branch of the ophthalmic nerve innervates the retina
Central retinal artery
50
What branch of the ophthalmic nerve innervate the optic disc
Short posterior ciliary arteries - which innervate the optic disc as circle of zinn-haller
51
What is the venous drainage of the eye
Central retinal vein
52
Where does the central retinal vein drain
Cavernous sinus or superior ophthalmic vein
53
Explain visual pathway
- Optic nerve leaves optical canal and passes to optic chiasm - At the optic chiasm the peripheral and nasal fields cross over - The optic tracts then travel to lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus - The fibres that supplied superior retina (Inferior visual field) then travel as Meyer's loop to primary visual cortex - The fibres that supplied inferior retina (superior visual field) then travel as Baum's to primary visual cortex
54
How is visual acuity recorded
Numerator =chart distance (6m) Denominator = lowers line read
55
What does 6/7 on visual acuity mean
This person can see at 6m what someone should be able to see at 7m
56
Define miosis
Pupil constriction
57
Define mydriasis
Pupil dilation
58
What are miotic agents
agents that cause pupil constriction
59
Name 3 miotic agents
- M3 receptor agonist - a1 antagonist - Opioids
60
Name an M3 receptor agonist
Pilocarpine
61
Name an a1-antagonist
Tamulosin
62
What autonomic NS stimulation causes miosis
Parasympathetic
63
What are mydriatics
Medications that dilate pupil
64
What are mydriatics also called
Cycloplegics
65
Why are mydriatics called cycloplegics
As the paralyse ciliary muscles and cause blurring of vision
66
What are 5 mydriatics
1. Anticholinergics 2. Antipsychotics 3. Antihistamines 4. TCAs 5. A1-receptor agonists
67
What anticholinergic is used in eye exam
Tropicamide
68
How long does tropicamide last
3h
69
Why do antipsychotics cause pupil dilation
M3 receptor antagonists
70
Why may anti-histamines cause mydriasis
M3 receptor antagonists
71
Why may anti-depressantscause mydriasis
M3 receptor antagonists
72
Name 3 a1-receptor agonists
NA Cocaine Amphetamines

Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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