Anatomy of the brain Flashcards by Louise Tyler

Lobes of the brain

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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A = Orbit
B = Sphenoid Sinus
C = Temporal Lobe
D = Mastoid Air Cells
E = Cerebellum

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A = Falx Cerebri
B = Frontal Lobe
C = Lateral Ventricle
D = Third Ventricle
E = Cerebellum

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B = Calcified Choroid Plexus

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A = Falx Cerebri
B = Sulcus
C = Gyrus
at the top of the brain scan

A = Falx Cerebri
B = Sulcus
C = Gyrus

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Types of stroke

Haemorrhagic stroke is a type of brain bleed. Ischaemic stroke is where there is a blockage of blood supply

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What is a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

Similar presentation to stroke – “mini-stroke”
Unlike stroke, symptoms resolve quickly, usually within minutes but definitely lasting less than 24 hours
Can be a warning sign of an acute stroke in the near future

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Risk factors for stroke

Age
Hypertension
High cholesterol
Atrial Fibrillation
Diabetes

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Treating Ischaemic Stroke

Thrombolysis
Clot-busting medication (e.g. Alteplase)
Started as soon as possible after stroke occurs (essential within 4.5 hours of onset of symptoms)

Thrombectomy
Surgical procedure to remove blood clots
Large arteries

Future anticoagulation therapy

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Treating Haemorrhagic Stroke

Immediate emergency care;
Control the bleeding into the brain tissue
Drugs to reduce blood pressure or slow down the bleeding
Drugs to counteract blood thinners

Surgical treatment;
Not always essential
To repair ruptured blood vessel
To relieve pressure caused by bleeding and swelling

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Frontal lobe stroke effects

Personality changes
Loss of Inhibitions
Losing interest in life
Difficulty with organising
Irritability
Aggression
Weakness face/body
Difficulty walking
Loss of sense of smell
Problems with your sight or speech

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Temporal lobe stroke effects

Forgetting words
Difficulty finding words
Short term memory loss
Fits associated with strange feelings, smells or déjà vu
Hearing voices in your head

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Parietal lobe stroke effects

Difficulty speaking or understanding what is said to you

Problems with reading or writing

Loss of feeling in part of the body

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Occipital lobe stroke effects

Sight problems or loss of vision on one side

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Cerebellum stroke effects

Poor coordination
Uncontrolled movement of the eyes
Sickness
Neck stiffness
Dizziness

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Brain stem function

Regulates body temperature, heart, swallowing, breathing

Frontal lobe function

Thinking, planning, problem solving, emotions, behavioural control, decision making

Parietal lobe function

Perception, object classification, spelling, knowledge of numbers, visuospacial processing

Occipital lobe function

Vision, visual processing, colour identification

Temporal lobe function

memory, understanding language, facial recognition, hearing, vision, speech, emotion

Cerebellum function

Gross and fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, balance

Normal Variants relating to brain imaging

Calcified choroid plexus
Calcified Pineal Gland
Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles

What is the Cerebral cortex?

The outermost layer of the brain containing gray matter, responsible for many “higher-order” functions like language and information processing.

Functional anatomy areas of the brain

Prefrontal cortex
Motor association cortex
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Sensory association cortex
Visual Association Area
Visual cortex
Wernicke`s area
Auditory association area
Auditory cortex
Speech center

Primary Motor Area

Frontal lobe Betz cells Motor area of the right cerebral hemisphere controls left side of the body, and vice versa

What is the Homunculus?

The sensory homunculus is a map along the cerebral cortex of where each part of the body is processed. The sensations occur all along the body. The impulses from the body will be sent into the spinal cord and eventually back to the brain to be processed.

What is the function of Broca’s area and where is its location?

Motor speech Situated in frontal lobe Controls muscle movements associated with speech Left hemisphere if right handed

Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Somatosensory Area Auditory Area Olfactory Area Taste Area Visual Area

Somatosensory area

Main sensory area Posterior to central sulcus Pain, temperature, pressure and touch Right hemisphere receives impulses from left side of the body

Auditory Area

Inferior to the lateral sulcus Temporal lobe Receives and interprets impulses transmitted from inner ear Hearing

Olfactory Area

Smell Temporal lobe Impulses from the nose are received and interpreted Impulses transmitted via the olfactory nerves

Taste Area

Impulses from taste bud sensory receptors received and perceived as taste. The insular cortex, which separates the frontal and temporal lobes, has long been thought to be the primary sensory area for taste. It also plays a role in other important functions, including visceral and emotional experience

Visual Area

Posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus Occipital lobe Optic nerves pass from eye to Visual Cortex

Wernicke’s Area

Sensory speech Temporal Lobe Perception of spoken word, comprehension, intelligence Understanding of language