Anatomy of the brain Flashcards
Lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
A = Orbit
B = Sphenoid Sinus
C = Temporal Lobe
D = Mastoid Air Cells
E = Cerebellum
A = Orbit
B = Sphenoid Sinus
C = Temporal Lobe
D = Mastoid Air Cells
E = Cerebellum
A = Falx Cerebri
B = Frontal Lobe
C = Lateral Ventricle
D = Third Ventricle
E = Cerebellum
A = Falx Cerebri
B = Frontal Lobe
C = Lateral Ventricle
D = Third Ventricle
E = Cerebellum
B = Calcified Choroid Plexus
B = Calcified Choroid Plexus
A = Falx Cerebri
B = Sulcus
C = Gyrus
at the top of the brain scan
A = Falx Cerebri
B = Sulcus
C = Gyrus
Types of stroke
Haemorrhagic stroke is a type of brain bleed. Ischaemic stroke is where there is a blockage of blood supply
What is a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
Similar presentation to stroke – “mini-stroke”
Unlike stroke, symptoms resolve quickly, usually within minutes but definitely lasting less than 24 hours
Can be a warning sign of an acute stroke in the near future
Risk factors for stroke
Age
Hypertension
High cholesterol
Atrial Fibrillation
Diabetes
Treating Ischaemic Stroke
Thrombolysis
Clot-busting medication (e.g. Alteplase)
Started as soon as possible after stroke occurs (essential within 4.5 hours of onset of symptoms)
Thrombectomy
Surgical procedure to remove blood clots
Large arteries
Future anticoagulation therapy
Treating Haemorrhagic Stroke
Immediate emergency care;
Control the bleeding into the brain tissue
Drugs to reduce blood pressure or slow down the bleeding
Drugs to counteract blood thinners
Surgical treatment;
Not always essential
To repair ruptured blood vessel
To relieve pressure caused by bleeding and swelling
Frontal lobe stroke effects
Personality changes
Loss of Inhibitions
Losing interest in life
Difficulty with organising
Irritability
Aggression
Weakness face/body
Difficulty walking
Loss of sense of smell
Problems with your sight or speech
Temporal lobe stroke effects
Forgetting words
Difficulty finding words
Short term memory loss
Fits associated with strange feelings, smells or déjà vu
Hearing voices in your head
Parietal lobe stroke effects
Difficulty speaking or understanding what is said to you
Problems with reading or writing
Loss of feeling in part of the body
Occipital lobe stroke effects
Sight problems or loss of vision on one side
Cerebellum stroke effects
Poor coordination
Uncontrolled movement of the eyes
Sickness
Neck stiffness
Dizziness
Brain stem function
Regulates body temperature, heart, swallowing, breathing
Frontal lobe function
Thinking, planning, problem solving, emotions, behavioural control, decision making
Parietal lobe function
Perception, object classification, spelling, knowledge of numbers, visuospacial processing
Occipital lobe function
Vision, visual processing, colour identification
Temporal lobe function
memory, understanding language, facial recognition, hearing, vision, speech, emotion
Cerebellum function
Gross and fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, balance
Normal Variants relating to brain imaging
Calcified choroid plexus
Calcified Pineal Gland
Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles
What is the Cerebral cortex?
The outermost layer of the brain containing gray matter, responsible for many “higher-order” functions like language and information processing.
Functional anatomy areas of the brain
Prefrontal cortex
Motor association cortex
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Sensory association cortex
Visual Association Area
Visual cortex
Wernicke`s area
Auditory association area
Auditory cortex
Speech center
Primary Motor Area
Frontal lobe
Betz cells
Motor area of the right cerebral hemisphere controls left side of the body, and vice versa
What is the Homunculus?
The sensory homunculus is a map along the cerebral cortex of where each part of the body is processed. The sensations occur all along the body. The impulses from the body will be sent into the spinal cord and eventually back to the brain to be processed.
What is the function of Broca’s area and where is its location?
Motor speech
Situated in frontal lobe
Controls muscle movements associated with speech
Left hemisphere if right handed
Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Somatosensory Area
Auditory Area
Olfactory Area
Taste Area
Visual Area
Somatosensory area
Main sensory area
Posterior to central sulcus
Pain, temperature, pressure and touch
Right hemisphere receives impulses from left side of the body
Auditory Area
Inferior to the lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
Receives and interprets impulses transmitted from inner ear
Hearing
Olfactory Area
Smell
Temporal lobe
Impulses from the nose are received and interpreted
Impulses transmitted via the olfactory nerves
Taste Area
Impulses from taste bud sensory receptors received and perceived as taste.
The insular cortex, which separates the frontal and temporal lobes, has long been thought to be the primary sensory area for taste. It also plays a role in other important functions, including visceral and emotional experience
Visual Area
Posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital lobe
Optic nerves pass from eye to Visual Cortex
Wernicke’s Area
Sensory speech
Temporal Lobe
Perception of spoken word, comprehension, intelligence
Understanding of language
