ABDOMINAL & PELVIC PATHOLOGY Flashcards
Order of the GL tract
Mouth & Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
What is Aspiration?
accidental breathing in of food or fluid into the lungs.
Types of barium studies
Studies include:
Barium Swallow
Barium Meal
Barium Follow Through
Barium Enema
What is BARIUM PERITONITIS?
Inflammation of the peritoneum due to barium contact.
Occurs when there is a leak of barium into the peritoneal cavity
Serious complication of barium study.
If a leak or perforation is suspected barium should NOT be used
Water soluble contrast should be utilised instead
another word for Oesophagogram
barium sallow
What is a Stricture
(apple core sign) Caused by a mass invading from the wall inwards, reducing the size of the lumen. Constriction of the lumen as a result of tumour/cancer.
Not usually within the lumen but surrounding or within the wall of the lumen.
What are Polyps?
Polyps are found in many areas of the human body, but mostly uterine or colon.
They are small flat bumps or often described as mushroom like due to the stalks.
Most are small and less than half an inch wide.
What is Cholangiocarcinoma?
Symptoms?
Modality?
Treatments?
Cancer of the biliary system
Can cause jaundice, itching, fatigue, adbo pain, fever, night sweats
Modality of choice- MRCP
Also CT with contrast/US
Radiological Treatments
ERCP- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
PTC- Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
Surgical Resection
Accessory structures
Three pairs of salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver & Biliary tree
Lymph System
Peristalsis
Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Cancer of the liver, 5th most common in the world
Often linked to Hepatitis infection
Linked to cirrhosis so has common risk factors
Jaundice most common symptom
Assessed with US/CT/MRI
Aside from surgical resection/transplant various image guided procedures to treat or manage symptoms are available such as:
- TACE – Trans-Arterial Chemo-Embolisation
- PTC – Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiogram (+/- drain)
- SIRT – Selective Internal Radiation Therapy
- Radiofrequency or Microwave Ablation
Types of hepatitis
Hepatitis A: highly contagious, mild illness, many infected may not know, usually resolves with no treatment and does not cause long-term damage to the liver. Spread though ingested of unclean water orfood that has been in contact with infected person.
Hepatitis B: Bloodborne. Can e transmitted sexually or via dirty needles as an example.
Hepatitis C: Bloodborne also – common transmission via unsterile needles such as through IV drug use.
Hepatitis D: Only affects those with Hepatitis B
Hepatitis E: Also spreads via contaminated food/water as with Hepatitis A.
CIRRHOSIS
Risk factors for liver disease and cirrhosis include excess alcohol consumption and repeated infections such as hepatitis.
Cirrhosis may not have any early symptoms. Later symptoms can include feeling sick and tired, yellowing of the skin, itchy skin and a swollen tummy.
There are 4 Stages of liver failure
Inflammation. In this early stage, the liver is enlarged or inflamed.
Fibrosis. Scar tissue begins to replace healthy tissue in the inflamed liver.
Cirrhosis. Severe scarring has built up, making it difficult for the liver to function properly.
End-stage liver disease (ESLD). …
HAEMANGIOMA
The most common benign liver tumour
Can vary in size
60% of cases have more than one present
Imaging used every 6-12 months to monitor
If small and stable no treatment necessary
Surgery used to remove if rapid growth or significant discomfort
Usually picked up on U/S with CT/MRI to confirm diagnosis.
