Anatomy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems

Question 1

What is the name of the level of bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main stem bronchi?

Answer 1

angle of louis

Question 2

What is pectus excavatum and what are some pulmonary complications that occur?

Answer 2

chest is caved in, SOB and cardiac complciations

Question 3

Where is a chest tube inserted into?

Answer 3

mid-to-anterior axillary line over top of rib (5th)

Question 4

What muscles are active in inspiration at rest?

Answer 4

diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 5

How does a supine position affect the diaphragm?

Answer 5

causes for the diaphragm to rest higher which allows for GREATER excursions but LOWER VOLUMES

Question 6

True or false, accessory muscles become weaker and weaker with COPD and are under duress

Answer 6

true, the mms are getting weaker and the pt struggles with breathing more. (Sells said this in class, take it with a grain of salt if it doesnt make sense)

Question 7

What muscles are used for expiration?

Answer 7

abdominal: rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, external obliques

Question 8

true or false, expiration is typically an active process

Answer 8

false, typically a passive process

Question 9

What term describes the process in which air is moved in and out of the lungs?

Answer 9

pulmonary ventilation

Question 10

What term describes the buildup of fluid in the pleural space?

Answer 10

pleural effusion

Question 11

What term describes blood in the pleural space?

Answer 11

hemothorax

Question 12

What term describes air in the pleural space?

Answer 12

pneumothorax

Question 13

What term describes bacterial infection with resultant pus in the pleural space?

Answer 13

empyema

Question 14

What substance makes up the lung that is porous and spongy?

Answer 14

parenchyma

Question 15

What term describes the point at which the nerves, vessels, and primary bronchi penetrate the parenchyma?

Answer 15

hilus

Question 16

What parts make up the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 16

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 17

What part of the respiratory tract extends from the level of the true vocal cords in the larynx to the alveoli?

Answer 17

lower respiratory tract

Question 18

How do bronchodilators work?

Answer 18

enhance sympathetic stimulation to the lungs and cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles and reduce secretions

Question 19

Describe what the point of maximum impulse is?

Answer 19

when the heart contracts it moves anteriorly and strikes the chest wall, occurs at the apex of the heart and is found at the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

Question 20

What term describes the deviation of the mediastinal structures towards one side of the chest cavity and indicates a severe asymmetry of intrathoracic pressures?

Answer 20

mediastinal shift

Question 21

Describe the layers of the heart from outermost to innermost and main purpose/characteristic

Answer 21

pericardium- 2 layers with a fluid filled cavity
myocardium- facilitates pumping action and has contractile elements
endocardium- shares similar tissue with the valves

Question 22

Describe what cardiac tamponade is and its implications

Answer 22

when blood or fluids build up around the pericardium which places extreme pressure on the heart which prevents it from functioning properly. It is a serious condition and pt presents with tachycardia, tachypnea, JVD, weakness and chest discomfort

Question 23

How do you differentiate a MSK cardiac issue versus true chest pain?

Answer 23

if you can poke it to illicit symptoms, then it is MSK, if you can’t “touch” it, then it is a cardiac issue.

Question 24

quick rule of thumb: R side heart tend to have ___ issues while L tends to be ___

Answer 24

right side- pulmonary, left side- cardiac

Question 25

Which node is the pacemaker of the heart and has an IF channel?

Answer 25

SA node

Question 26

What is the major role of the AV node?

Answer 26

to slow down the cardiac impulse during each cardiac cycle to mechanically allow time for the ventricles to fill

Question 27

true or false, if the SA node is not working correctly, the AV node will kick in as the pacemaker of the heart

Answer 27

true, and will have a rate of only about 40-60bpm

Question 28

What is a condition you will need to screen for involving the abdominal aorta and what are some sx?

Answer 28

abdominal aortic aneurysm, deep constant pain in the abdomen or side of abdomen, back pain, pulse near the bellybutton

Question 29

Which artery supplies the SA and AV node and gives majority of right ventricle and posterior and inferior portions of the L ventricle?

Answer 29

right coronary artery

Question 30

Would you be concerned if the L coronary artery were blocked? Why or why not?

Answer 30

YES! Can cause a large MI and is often termed the widow maker!!

Question 31

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

Answer 31

pulmonary artery

Question 32

Which vessel has no valves and carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the L atrium?

Answer 32

pulmonary veins

Question 33

Which vessel has a superior and inferior portion and go into the R atrium and carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart?

Answer 33

vena cavas