Anatomy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems Flashcards
What is the name of the level of bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main stem bronchi?
angle of louis
What is pectus excavatum and what are some pulmonary complications that occur?
chest is caved in, SOB and cardiac complciations
Where is a chest tube inserted into?
mid-to-anterior axillary line over top of rib (5th)
What muscles are active in inspiration at rest?
diaphragm and external intercostals
How does a supine position affect the diaphragm?
causes for the diaphragm to rest higher which allows for GREATER excursions but LOWER VOLUMES
True or false, accessory muscles become weaker and weaker with COPD and are under duress
true, the mms are getting weaker and the pt struggles with breathing more. (Sells said this in class, take it with a grain of salt if it doesnt make sense)
What muscles are used for expiration?
abdominal: rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, external obliques
true or false, expiration is typically an active process
false, typically a passive process
What term describes the process in which air is moved in and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
What term describes the buildup of fluid in the pleural space?
pleural effusion
What term describes blood in the pleural space?
hemothorax
What term describes air in the pleural space?
pneumothorax
What term describes bacterial infection with resultant pus in the pleural space?
empyema
What substance makes up the lung that is porous and spongy?
parenchyma
What term describes the point at which the nerves, vessels, and primary bronchi penetrate the parenchyma?
hilus
What parts make up the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
What part of the respiratory tract extends from the level of the true vocal cords in the larynx to the alveoli?
lower respiratory tract
How do bronchodilators work?
enhance sympathetic stimulation to the lungs and cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles and reduce secretions
Describe what the point of maximum impulse is?
when the heart contracts it moves anteriorly and strikes the chest wall, occurs at the apex of the heart and is found at the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
What term describes the deviation of the mediastinal structures towards one side of the chest cavity and indicates a severe asymmetry of intrathoracic pressures?
mediastinal shift
Describe the layers of the heart from outermost to innermost and main purpose/characteristic
pericardium- 2 layers with a fluid filled cavity
myocardium- facilitates pumping action and has contractile elements
endocardium- shares similar tissue with the valves
Describe what cardiac tamponade is and its implications
when blood or fluids build up around the pericardium which places extreme pressure on the heart which prevents it from functioning properly. It is a serious condition and pt presents with tachycardia, tachypnea, JVD, weakness and chest discomfort
How do you differentiate a MSK cardiac issue versus true chest pain?
if you can poke it to illicit symptoms, then it is MSK, if you can’t “touch” it, then it is a cardiac issue.
quick rule of thumb: R side heart tend to have ___ issues while L tends to be ___
right side- pulmonary, left side- cardiac
Which node is the pacemaker of the heart and has an IF channel?
SA node
What is the major role of the AV node?
to slow down the cardiac impulse during each cardiac cycle to mechanically allow time for the ventricles to fill
true or false, if the SA node is not working correctly, the AV node will kick in as the pacemaker of the heart
true, and will have a rate of only about 40-60bpm
What is a condition you will need to screen for involving the abdominal aorta and what are some sx?
abdominal aortic aneurysm, deep constant pain in the abdomen or side of abdomen, back pain, pulse near the bellybutton
Which artery supplies the SA and AV node and gives majority of right ventricle and posterior and inferior portions of the L ventricle?
right coronary artery
Would you be concerned if the L coronary artery were blocked? Why or why not?
YES! Can cause a large MI and is often termed the widow maker!!
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
pulmonary artery
Which vessel has no valves and carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the L atrium?
pulmonary veins
Which vessel has a superior and inferior portion and go into the R atrium and carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart?
vena cavas
