Anatomy Lab Quiz 7 Flashcards
What are the chief regulators of the internal environment of the body?
The kidneys
The kidneys achieve homeostasis by…
Regulating the pH and concentration of ions and water in the various body fluids
The kidneys provide for the…
elimination of waste products of metabolism
How many nephrons are in the kidneys?
1 million
What 2 structures do nephrons have?
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
As blood passes through the kidneys, it is first filtered through…
a tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle called the glomerulus
A tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
What is the rate of the glomerulus?
120ml/min
After blood is filtered in the glomerulus…
the filtrate passes into the renal tubule
What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
the nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
On average, our kidneys filter our entire blood volume through the nephrons
approximately…
Once every 30 minutes
Large molecules of over 70,000 MW
Plasma proteins
What is similar to blood plasma in composition?
Filtrate
The tubular… (1) is … (2) to blood plasma in composition except that .. (3)
- Filtrate
- Similar
- Large molecules over 70,000 MW are
excluded
As the filtrate passes along the proximal and distal tubules.. what happens?
Water is reabsorbed and sodium and potassium are actively or passively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream
What is an example of a toxic by-product of metabolism and excess substances?
What happens to these?
Salt
- These are retained in the filtrate and are excreted in urine
What volume of urine is formed per minute?
1 ml urine/minute
The final composition of urine is…
What does this reflect?
different from glomerular filtrate.
reflects the integrity of kidney function and changes in blood composition
An analysis of urine
- What does this yield?
Urinalysis
- Yields valuable information about the health of the kidney and of the body in
general
Individuals with this condition are genetically unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine
phenylketonuria
Where is phenylalanine commonly found? What happens if it accumulates in the body?
- Found in food and beverage products
- If accumulated in the body, it is converted to phenylpyruvic acid which appears in the urine
An accumulation of phenylalanine in individuals with PKU can result in…
developmental delays
seizures
intellectual impairments
An imbalance or a deficit in
the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas
Diabetes mellitus
Fatty acid metabolites that the body uses when sugars in the blood cannot be used as cellular fuel
Ketones
An increase in ketones causes blood pH to…
Decrease
What 2 things are indicative of diabetes mellitus?
- The presence of both glucose and ketones in the urine
- Low urine pH
A combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood
Labstix test
What is the normal pH of urine?
Protein? Glucose? Ketones? Occult Blood?
6
Protein- None of trace
Glucose, Ketones, Occult blood = None
The pH of urine may be more (2)… with a (3) …
- Acidic
- Diet rich in proteins
Acidic pH also results from what 3 things?
Respiratory disorders
Dehydration
Starvation
Alkaline urine results from what 4 things?
A diet rich in citrus fruits and dairy
Vomiting
Urinary tract infections
Cystitis
Urine decomposes in the bladder with the production of ammonia.
Cystitis
The presence of protein in the urine is a sign that the “filters,” or glomeruli, of the
kidney’s nephrons, are damaged, allowing blood proteins to enter the filtrate. (2 terms)
Proteinuria
Albuminuria
High glucose levels in urine
Increased levels of glucose in the urine are
commonly…
Glycosuria
-Indicative of diabetes mellitus
Abnormally large amounts of ketone excretion
What does this suggest? What does this indicate?
Ketonuria
Suggests that the body is
using fat as an energy source as opposed to glucose
Indicates either diabetes mellitus or starvation
Blood not visible to the naked eye that is found in the urine typically suggests there is structural
damage within the urinary tract.
Occult blood
Blood present in the urine can indicate that an individual has…
Urinary tract infection
Kidney stones
Cancerous cells
A disease in which the
glomeruli are damaged and plasma proteins and erythrocytes leak into the nephrons
People with this condition have…
Nephritis
-Blood and high levels of proteins in
their urine
One of the kidney’s main functions is to…
Around what value?
Regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids
Around 300 milliosmoles per liter
If an individual is dehydrated…
they will produce a small amount of highly concentrated urine
If an individual is overhydrated…
they will produce a large amount of minimally concentrated (dilute) urine
The ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water.
Specific gravity
The urinometer is calibrated to give a correct reading only if the urine is at …
15 degrees Celsius
If your urine is at a different
temperature, you will need to correct the specific gravity value by…
adding 0.001 for every 3 degrees Celsius above
OR
subtracting 0.001 for every 3 degrees Celsius below the calibration temperature (15 degrees Celsius)
The normal range of urine-specific gravity
1.0015 to 1.035
Water with no present solutes
- What is the gravity of this
- Distilled Water
Gravity: 1.000
A (1)…. specific gravity reading is found in individuals with (2)…
- Low
- Chronic nephritis
Slow, onset kidney disease
Chronic nephritis
A (3)….specific gravity is observed in (4)…
- High
- Acute nephritis
Sudden, onset kidney disease
Acute nephritis
The process of titrating silver nitrate to analyze the presence of chloride ions in a substance using potassium chromate as an indicator.
Mohr Method
What two things are added to the Mohr method?
One drop of 20% potassium chromate
2.9% silver nitrate solution drop by drop
Each drop of 2.9% silver nitrate added to produce the
the reddish-brown colored solution represents…
1 g/liter of NaCl is present in the urine.
How many plots are made for data in the Mohr method?
3 plots
