Anatomy Lab Quiz 3 Flashcards
The method of listening to and studying heart sounds during heart activity
Auscultation
A medical instrument with earpieces connected to tubes attached to a small, disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest
- The easiest method to listen to heart sounds
Stethoscope
One of the most common conditions diagnosed by auscultation
- One of the heart valves does not function properly
Heart Murmurs
Abnormal heart sounds from heart murmurs typically involve what (2) sounds
Whooshing
Blowing
How many heart sounds are created in a single cardiac cycle? How do the first 2 and last 2 differ?
- 4 sounds
- The first two can easily be heard by a stethoscope
- The last 2 may or may not be heard
Typically called the “lub” sound of the heart
- Heard during systole
- Caused by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves
1st Heart sound (S1)
Typically called the “dub” sound of the heart
- Heard during systole
- Caused by closure of the semilunar valves
2nd Heart sound (S2)
What are the semilunar valves?
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Occurs during diastole
- Lower pitched sound produced by the ventricles vibrating as they fill with flood
3rd Heart Sound (S3)
- Occurs during diastole
- Low-intensity sound heard as the atria contract to push blood down into the ventricles
4th Hear Sound (S4)
Areas that represent where sounds from each valve can be heard most clearly
- How many areas?
- Auscultatory areas
- 4 areas
What are the 4 auscultatory areas and what valves are they associated with?
- Aortic area: Aortic semilunar valve
- Tricuspid area: Right atrioventricular valve
- Pulmonary area: Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Mitral area: Left atrioventricular valve
Pressure that is created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as your heart pumps blood into the blood vessels
Blood pressure
Where is pressure the highest/lowest when the heart contracts?
Arteries
Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting
- Highest pressure
Systolic pressure
What is the normal measurement for systolic pressure?
90-120 mm Hg
An important indicator of the force of contraction of the heart
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed
What is the normal measurement for diastolic pressure?
60-80 mm Hg
An important indicator of systemic blood vessels
Diastolic pressure
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures indicating the force of blood pushing through the vessels
Pulse pressure
The average measurement for pulse pressure
40 mm Hg
The average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
The flow of blood through a specific tissue or organ
Perfusion
MAP is a combination of what two factors?
Cardiac output (CO)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
What is the 1st equation to calculate MAP?
MAP= Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
What is the 2nd equation to calculate MAP?
MAP= Cardiac output (ml blood/min) X Total Peripheral resistance (TPR units)
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac output = Stroke volume (ml blood/beat) X heart rate (beats/min)
The total volume of blood moved by the heart per minute
Cardiac output
As vessel diameter decreases…
Peripheral resistance increases
As blood viscosity increases…
Resistance increases
An increase in either cardiac output or resistance will …
Increase in blood pressure
2 factors that peripheral resistance depends on
- Blood vessel diameter
- Viscosity of blood
Direct measurement of blood pressure
It uses a thin tube called a Cannula and inserts it into the artery
What blood pressure is measured with
Mercury manometer
Indirect method of measuring blood pressure
Using a sphygmomanometer and listening to the sounds of an artery by a stethoscope
A pressure cuff is called a…
sphygmomanometer
Involves touching or feeling the pulse as pressure is applied to an artery with a sphygmomanometer
Palpatory method
The artery that is most typically used for the application of pressure
Brachial artery
The artery that is used to determine systolic pressure in the palpatory method
Radial artery
What do you never do when using a sphygmomanometer?
Never leave the cuff inflated on a person’s arm for more than 1 minute
The auscultatory method uses a stethoscope to hear..
Changes in sounds in the brachial artery
The sound of turbulence through a vessel
Korotkoff sounds
A sharp tapping or thudding sound which may increase in intensity over the next 10 mm Hg drop in pressure
Phase 1 Korotkoff sound
The distinct abrupt muffling of sounds. The sounds become reduced in intensity
- First diastolic reading
Phase 4 Korotkoff sound
All sounds disappear.
- Considered the second diastolic reading
- Doctors use this pressure as the recorded diastolic pressure
Phase 5 Korotkoff sound
If blood pressure is being taken on one arm…
the pulse rate should be taken on the opposite arm
TPR equation
Mean arterial pressure/Cardiac output
TPRest equation
{systolic pressure + (2x diastolic pressure)} /3 divided by pulse pressure x heart rate
A normal reflex response to a decrease in temperature is…
an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Rise that is as high as 40 mm Hg
Hypertension
While underwater, marine animals experience a decrease in…
Why?
Metabolic rate
- Cells require less oxygen with time
Slowing of the heart rate
Bradycardia
Decrease in blood vessel diameter to non-vital parts of the body
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Results in overall reduction of circulation to all parts of the body except certain vital body organs/tissues, such as the brain and heart
Bradycardia and Peripheral vasoconstriction
The face must be completely submerged in cold water to stimulate diving bradycardia in a human. This is because …
The receptor responsible for the response is found in the nose
What nerve results in the slowing of the heart rate?
Trigeminal nerve
Measures cardiovascular health and endurance. Tests the general capacity of the body to cope with increased physical work, and the ability to recover from it
Harvard Step Test
Index of Physical Fitness Equation
Duration of exercise (seconds) x 100 / 2x (sum of 3 pulse counts in recovery)
Used to measure the ratio of a person’s resting pulse ratio to their pulse rate after exercise
Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test
