Anatomy Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
What are the 3 different types of blood cells?
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
Leukocytes (White blood cells)
Thrombocytes (Blood platelets)
Provide oxygen transport and removal of carbon dioxide waste from the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells
Erythrocytes
Defends the body from bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens
Leukocytes
Form clots to prevent blood loss when the blood vessel walls are torn
Thrombocytes
Abnormal levels of erythrocytes cause …
Polycythemia and anemia
Abnormal levels of leukocytes cause …
Neutropenia, Leukemia, Severe infection
Abnormal levels of Thrombocytes cause …
Hemophilia (little/no clotting) or undesirable clotting (Thromboembolic disorders)
The percent volume of blood that is made up of only erythrocytes
Hematocrit
A molecule that is packed into red blood cells, responsible for binding and carrying oxygen to the body’s tissues, and removing carbon dioxide
waste from them
Hemoglobin
Receives lymph from the lower body, the left upper
extremity, and the left head and thorax which drains
into the blood at the left subclavian vein
Thoracic Duct
What is the process of flow of DEOXYGENATED BLOOD in the heart?
1) Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava
2) It enters the right atrium
3) It will move down to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
4) Once it enters the right ventricle, it will be pumped up to the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar valve
5) Once it is pumped up to the pulmonary artery, it will go to the lungs to become oxygenated
What is the process of flow of OXYGENATED BLOOD in the heart?
1) It will enter through the pulmonary veins
2) It will go to the left atrium
3) It will make its way down to the left ventricle through the mitral (Bicuspid) valve
4) Once it enters the left ventricle, it will be pumped up to the aorta and go through the aortic semilunar valve
When sitting on a table, what happens to blood pressure and pulse rate?
Blood pressure increases due to the gravity causing blood to settle within the legs. The heart has to work faster to increase circulation, thus raising blood pressure
When going from lying down to standing up position…
- What is the medical term for this? How does the body correct this?
There will be a slight decrease in blood pressure
- Orthostatic hypotension
- The body corrects this by slightly increasing blood pressure
Blood pressure will (1)…. IMMEDIATELY after
standing up from a lying down position and then quickly correct itself by …(2) the blood pressure in the moments after
1) Decrease
2) Increase
Blood pressure and pulse rate (1)…. when going from standing for 3 minutes to jogging in place for 5 minutes. This is due to (2)… because (3) …
1) Increases
2) Increased cardiac output
3) More blood needs to be pumped by the heart to meet oxygen requirements
When submerging a body part under cold water, there is an (1) …. in blood pressure and a (2)… in pulse rate. This is because of the … (2)
- What occurs?
1) Increase
2) Decrease
3)Cold pressor effect
- Vasoconstriction
When the subject takes their face out of the water, pulse rate will (1).. and blood pressure will (2)…
1) Increase
2) Decrease
While underwater, TPR will (1)… due to (2)…
1) Increase
2) Vasoconstriction
When releasing pressure from the proximal aspect of the vein…
The vein will not refill with blood since there is pressure being applied by the finger on the distal aspect of the vein.
When releasing pressure from the distal aspect of the vein…
The vein will refill with blood
For the veins in the hand, there is … from … to …. since the blood ….
Unidirectional flow of blood from the distal to the proximal, since it is returning to the heart
When diving, the heart rate will…
- What term describes this
- What nerve plays a role in this
Slow down
- Bradycardia
- Trigeminal nerve
After the subject removes their face from the cold water pulse rate would be (1) … and blood pressure would be (2)…
This change occurs due to …
(1) Pulse rate would be increased
(2) Blood pressure would be decreased
- Vasoconstriction, which leads to increased peripheral resistance and stroke volume
The lower the index of fitness…
- What is the general trend for results of this test?
The poorer physical condition.
- The higher the number, the better physical condition you are in. The lower the number, the lower physical condition you are in
Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test
If the number of steps is above the “established norms”…
Then the subject needs to take more steps to reach the 2.5 ratio
If the number of steps is below the “established norms”…
then the subject needs to take less steps to reach the 2.5 ratio
What are the established norms for the Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test?
Male: 29 steps
Female: 25 steps
What are some transport functions of blood
- Delivering oxygen and nutrients (glucose, amino acids) to body tissue cells
- Disposal of waste products (co2, nitrogenous waste)
- Transporting hormones to various parts of the body to regulate organ function
What are some more functions of blood?
- Preventing infection
- Acid-base balance
- Blood-clotting to prevent blood loss
Collections of cells at the site of damage
Clot
Which type of blood cell is considered a true cell
Luekocyte
Why are erythrocytes and thrombocytes not considered true cells?
They have no nucleus and do not mitotically divide
The production of hundreds of billions of new blood cells every day; constantly produces new blood cells
Hematopoiesis
What are the normal blood cell values for erythrocytes in males and females
males : 5.4 +- 0.8 mm^3 (46)
females: 4.8 +- 0.6 mm^3 (42)
What are the normal blood cell values of leukocytes for males and females?
Males: 7-9000 per mm^3
Females: 5-9000 per mm^3
What is the normal blood cell value for thrombocytes? What is the average?
150,000 to 400,000 per mm^3
Average: 300,000 per mm^3
Molecule responsible for binding and carrying oxygen to the body tissue cells and to help remove carbon dioxide from the body tissue.
Hemoglobin
How much mL of O2 can erythrocytes carry? What does this mean?
1.34 ml O2
- This means that 20 ml of oxygen is carried in every 100 ml of blood.
An abnormally high number of red blood cells
Polycythemia
An abnormal decrease in erythrocyte number
Anemia
Shortage in oxygen delivery to the body tissue cells
Anemic hypoxia
A chemical blood sample and hematocrit tubes are often treated with a chemical that prevents the formation of clots that would otherwise make the process difficult
Heparin
Regulates erythrocyte production
- What is it produced by?
Erythropoietin
- Produced by the kidneys
What are the average and range values of male hematocrit?
Average: 46%
Range: 43-49%
What are the average and range values of female hematocrit?
Average: 41%
Range: 36-45%
Males typically have higher hematocrit percentages due to the influence of … on the production of erythropoietin
Testosterone
What is the formula for calculating hematocrit?
Height of red cells (mm)/ height of red cells and plasma (mm) x 100
What are the average and range values of hemoglobin in males?
Average: 15.4 g Hb/100ml blood
Range: 13.6 to 17.2 g Hb/100 ml blood
What are the average and range values of hemoglobin in females?
Average: 13.3 g Hb/100 ml blood
Range: 11.5 to 15.0 g Hb/100 ml blood
Individuals who are considered anemic have blood hemoglobin at..
10 g Hb/100 ml blood
Major health issues related to anemia are usually not seen until the blood hemoglobin drops to…
7.5 g Hb/100 ml blood
Chemical used to measure blood hemoglobin levels
Potassium cyanide (KCN)
Colored compound that hemoglobin produces when exposed to KCN
Cyanmetheoglobin
Why do you use a blank tube before inserting your actual sample tube in a spectrophotometer?
To ensure that it is reading 100% transmittance
What is the formula for total blood Hb (g)
Blood volume (ml blood) x hemoglobin concentration (g Hb/ml blood)
What is the formula for total O2 carrying capacity?
(Total g Hb) x (1.34 ml O2/g Hb)
What is the blood volume for males?
79 ml blood per kilogram body +- 10%
What is the blood volume for females?
65 ml blood per kilogram body weight +- 10%
What are the 3 types of granulocytes
Nuetrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
65% of total WBC in humans
Multi-lobed nucleus
10-12 microns diameter
Small pink cytoplasmic granules
Purple nucleus
Neutrophils
2-4% of total WBC in humans
13 microns diameter
Bilobed nucleus
Coarse red-orange cytoplasmic granules
Blue-purple nucleus
Eosinophils
0.5% of total WBC in humans
14 microns in diameter
Bilobed nucleus
Black nucleus is usually completely obscured by large, deep-blue or reddish-purple cytoplasmic granules
Basophils
What are the three types of Agranulocytes?
Small lymphocytes, large lymphocytes, monocytes
20-25% of total WBC in humans
7 microns diameter
Very large, spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin cytoplasm
Light blue cytoplasm, dark purple nucleus
Small lymphocytes
3% of total WBC in humans
10 microns diameter
Large oval, indented nucleus
Light blue cytoplasm (nongranular), dark purple nucleus
Large Lymphocytes
3-7% of total WBC in humans
15 microns in diameter
Large, deeply indented nucleus (horseshoe-shaped)
Light blue-gray cytoplasm (nongranular), blue or purple nucleus
Monocytes
Abnormally low number of neutrophils
Neutropenia
Caused by: genetics (inherited condition), chemotherapy, malnutrition, aplastic anemia
Neutropenia
Abnormally high number of neutrophils
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Caused by severe burn, stressful situations, and chronic inflammation
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Abnormally high number of lymphocytes
Lymphocytosis
Caused by physical/emotional stress and fighting illness/ infection
Lymphocytosis
Abnormally low number of lymphocytes in the blood
Lymphocytopenia
Caused by systemic lupus, viral infection, and zinc deficiency
Lymphocytopenia
Abnormally high number of eosinophils
Eosinophilia
Caused by parasitic infection, allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, genetics
(inherited condition)
Eosinophilia
Abnormally high number of monocytes
Monocytosis
Caused by tuberculosis, chronic inflammation, heart attack, smoking
Monocytosis
The normal total leukocyte count is..
4,500 - 11,000 WBC’s per microliter of blood
carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
umbilical arteries
carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
umbilical veins
carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
ductus arteriosus
a flap-covered hole between the right and left atria
foramen ovale
blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
pulmonary circulation
blood vessels that carry blood to and from all other body tissues
Systemic circulation
Blood that is oxygen-rich and carried by arteries away from the heart
Oxygenated Blood
Blood that is oxygen-poor and carried from the veins back to the heart
Deoxygenated blood
Blood that is carried towards the heart
Venous blood
Blood that is pumped away from the heart
Arterial blood
The method of listening to and studying heart sounds during heart activity
Auscultation
A medical instrument with ear pieces connected to tubes attached to a small, disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest and used to listen to heart sounds
Stethoscope
One of the most common conditions diagnosed by auscultation
Heart murmurs
Typically called the “lub” sound of the heart
- Heard during systole
- Closing of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)
1st Heart sound (S1)
Typically called the “dub” sound of the heart
- Heard during systole
- Closing of the SL Valves (aortic and pulmonary)
2nd Heart Sound (S2)
- Occurs during diastole
- Lower pitched sound that is produced by vibrations of the ventricle walls as they rapidly fill with blood
3rd Heart Sound (S3)
- Occurs during diastole
- Low-intensity sound heard as the atria contract to push blood down into the ventricles
4th Heart Sound (S4)
The four areas where sounds from each valve can be heard most clearly
Auscultatory areas
Pressure created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as your heart pumps blood into the blood vessels.
Blood pressure
Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting
- What is it an important indicator of?
- What are its values?
- Systolic pressure
Important indicator of the force of contraction of the heart
(90-120 mm Hg)
Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed
- What is it an important indicator of?
- What are its values?
Diastolic pressure
- Important indicator of the condition of systemic blood vessels
(60-80 mm Hg)
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures indicates the force of blood pushing through the vessel
- What is the value?
Pulse Pressure
- 40 mm Hg
The average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle
- What are its values
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) (70-100 mm Hg)
How to calculate MAP
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
OR
cardiac output (ml blood/min) X total peripheral resistance (TPR units)
Formula for cardiac output
CO= Stroke volume (ml blood/beat) x Heart rate (beats/min)
As vessel diameter decreases…
Peripheral resistance increases
As blood viscosity increases…
Resistance increases
An increase in either cardiac output or resistance will…
cause an increase in blood pressure
A pressure cuff used in the indirect method that is applied to the artery externally
- What method is this?
Sphygmomanometer
- Auscultatory method
- Indirect method of blood pressure that involves palpating the pulse as pressure is applied to an artery with a sphygmomanometer
Palpatory method
The artery is mainly used to measure blood pressure
Brachial artery
Artery used to determine systolic pressure in the palpatory method
- Can diastolic pressure be measured?
Radial artery
- Diastolic pressure cannot be measured
When using a sphygmomanometer (a pressure cuff)….
never leave the cuff inflated on a person’s arm for more than 1 minute
A series of sounds resulting from turbulence in blood vessels
Korotkoff sounds
A sharp tapping or thudding sound which increases in intensity over the next 10 mm Hg drop in pressure
- Indicates systolic pressure
Phase 1 Korotkoff
The distinct abrupt muffling of sounds
- Become soft, reduced in intensity
“First diastolic reading”
Phase 4 Korotkoff
All sounds disappear. Absence of sound is considered the “second diastolic reading”
- Usually recorded as diastolic pressure
Phase 5 Korotkoff
If blood pressure is being taken on one arm…
The pulse rate should be taken on the opposite arm
The amount of force affecting resistance to blood flow through the circulatory system
Total peripheral resistance
The vasoconstriction of blood vessels causes…
An increase in total peripheral resistance
Vasodilation of blood vessels causes…
a decrease in total peripheral resistance
TPR formula
TPR = Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) / Cardiac output (ml blood/min)
TPRest equation
TPRest = Systolic pressure + (2x diastolic pressure)/3 / pulse pressure x heart rate
When temperature decreases…
systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase
High blood pressure
Hypertension
A problem caused by low pressure in the veins where blood is not effectively returned to the heart at a desirable rate
Venous insufficiency
While underwater, marine mammals experience a…
decrease in metabolic rate
A noticeable slowing of the heart rate while submerged underwater
Diving bradycardia
A decrease in blood vessel diameter to non-vital parts of the body when underwater
Peripheral vasoconstriction
What does diving bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction result in?
Overall reduction of circulation to all parts of the body except certain vital body organs/tissues such as the brain and heart
The receptor responsible for diving bradycardia is found in..
the nose
A measure of cardiovascular health and endurance. Tests the general capacity of the body to cope with increased physical work and the ability to recover from it
Harvard Step Test
Formula for the Index of Physical Fitness
Index of Physical fitness = Duration of exercise (seconds) x 100/ 2x (sum of 3 pulse counts in recovery)
A test used to measure the ratio of a person’s resting pulse rate to their pulse rate after exercise
Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test
