Anatomy Lab Quiz 4 Flashcards
The various amounts of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during different stages of breathing
Respiratory volumes
What are 2 purposes of using respiratory volumes?
- Determine the overall health and function of the lungs
- Diagnose and treat respiratory conditions
In obstructive lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) ….
What does this cause over time?
Obstruction of the lungs causes air to be “trapped” in the lungs when it cannot be exhaled
- Causes hyperinflation of lung tissue over time
In restrictive lung diseases…
What happens then?
There is a loss of compliance, or elasticity, in the lung tissue.
- Less air is brought into the lung tissue because the lungs are “stiffer”
The sum of two or more lung volumes that reflect different aspects of lung function
Respiratory capacities
How many lung volumes and respiratory capacities are there? What are they used for?
- 4 each
Used to indicate lung health and function
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled on a normal breath
Tidal Volume (TV)
The additional air that can be forcefully inhaled past a normal tidal volume inspiration
Inspiratory volume (IRV)
The additional air that can be forcefully exhaled past a normal tidal volume expiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximal exhalation
Reserve/Reserve volume (RV)
The total amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inhalation
Vital Capacity (VC)
What is the formula for Vital Capacity
VC = TV+ IRV +ERV
The maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
What is the formula for Inspiratory capacity
IC = TV + IRV
The total amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
What is the formula for functional residual capacity (FRC)
FRC= RV + ERV
The total amount of air the lungs can contain
Total lung capacity (TLC)
What is the formula for total lung capacity?
TLC= TV+IRV+ERV+RV
The average respiratory volume for females is… Why?
20-25% less than males
- This is because females typically have smaller body size and smaller lungs
A medical test used to measure the four lung volumes, and used to indicate abnormalities in lung function
Spirometry
Common diagnostic tool used to help diagnose various lung diseases and conditions that are obstructive or restrictive in nature
Spirometer
What are 3 examples of lung diseases/conditions that are obstructive or restrictive in nature
Asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis
What is the formula for Respiratory minute volume (L/min)?
Respiratory minute volume (L/min)= Tidal Volume (mL) x Respiratory Rate (breaths/min)
A diagram that represents relations between three or more variable quantities with the use of numbered scales
- What is predicted with this?
Nomogram
- Predicts vital capacity
Tests performed to assess pulmonary function by measuring how long a person can hold their breath after a maximum inhalation
Breath-holding tests
A longer breath holding time generally indicates…
Better pulmonary function
Better functional reserve
Larger lung capacity because the lungs are better able to help maintain body pH
The respiratory system and cardiovascular system function to…
What is equally as important?
take oxygen into the body from the atmospheric air and deliver it to the tissue cells
The disposal of Carbon dioxide (CO2) is equally as important
The pH of blood becomes more acidic due to a buildup of carbon dioxide
Respiratory acidosis
What are 5 common symptoms of respiratory acidosis?
Headache, fatigue, confusion, anxiety, tremors
In more severe cases of respiratory acidosis, what are 4 symptoms?
Heart arrhythmia, seizure, coma, muscle weakness
Used to measure tidal volume
Dry gas meter
How is minute volume calculated?
Dividing the total volume of air exhaled (ml) by the number of breaths taken over the collection period (in minutes)
The body’s rate of energy expenditure
Metabolic rate
What are the units for metabolic rate?
ml O2 consumed/minute
Used to measure metabolic rate
dry gas meter
How is metabolic rate calculated?
- Determining the difference between the percentage of oxygen in inhaled air (20.95%) and the percentage of oxygen in the exhaled air stored in the bag
- multiplying this difference by the minute volume
During physical activity…
The metabolic rate of skeletal muscle tissue is significantly higher, requiring more oxygen uptake and delivery to the cells
The rate at which your body cells consume oxygen…
must be matched with the rate of oxygen delivery to tissue cells
The rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) is equal to both the rate at which you obtain oxygen from the environment across the surface of the lungs
Ventilation
The rate at which oxygen is delivered to the body tissue cells through the capillary walls of the cardiovascular system
Perfusion
Ventilation is increased by..
Increasing the respiratory rate and respiratory depth (tidal volume)
Perfusion is increased by…
Increasing heart rate
The flow of air into and out of the lungs
Minute volume (Vm)
In the cardiovascular system, the flow of blood…
is related to cardiac output (CO)
As we inhale, our lungs extract oxygen from the air we breathe, leading to a difference in…
the concentration of oxygen in inhaled air (Co2i) and the concentration of oxygen in exhaled air (Co2e)
Oxygen is lost from the blood supply through the capillary beds in systemic circulation. This leads to a difference in…
the concentration of oxygen in arterial blood (Co2a) and the concentration of oxygen in venous blood (Co2v)
What is the formula for determining the rate of oxygen consumption for the respiratory system or cardiovascular system?
Vo2= (Vm)(Co2i-Co2e)
Vo2= (Minute volume)(Concentration of oxygen in inhaled air - Concentration of oxygen in exhaled air)
In most resting people…
Arterial blood is 100% saturated with oxygen, but venous blood can be as low as 60% saturated
Each gram of hemoglobin can bind with…
1.34 ml of O2
What is the formula for Co2a?
Average Hemoglobin concentration (g Hb/100 mL blood) x 1.34 ml of O2/g Hb
What is the formula for CO?
CO= Vo2/(Co2a-Co2v)
What is the formula for stroke volume?
SV (ml blood/beat) = CO/HR
What is the formula for calculating stroke volume during exercise using changes in pulse pressure?
PPr/PPe = SVR/SVe
Pulse pressure resting/pulse pressure exercising = stroke volume resting/ stroke volume exercising
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output during exercise?
COe= SV x HR
What is the formula for calculating venous blood during exercise?
Vo2= (CO)(Co2a- Co2v)
The increase or decrease in the rhythm and rate of respiration is controlled by..
respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons
Of the two, which is more closely monitored in the body, oxygen or carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide
What is the general pH of blood and what does it ensure
7.35-7.45
- ensures that body cells function optimally
When carbon dioxide leaves the tissue and enters the blood cells…
It combines with water to form carbonic acid
What does carbonic acid dissociate into?
Bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase… There is an (1) in the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing a (2) in blood pH
1- Increase
2- Decrease
If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, there is a (1) in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causing an (2) in the blood’s pH
1- Decrease
2- Increase
A decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causes an increase in the blood’s pH
Respiratory alkalosis
An individual is taking many deep breaths in a short period of time
Hyperventilation
What does hyperventilation cause?
Excess loss of carbon dioxide and subsequent increase in blood pH
Eventually, what does hyperventilation cause?
Decrease in blood pressure and decrease in blood flow to the brain
What does hyper ventilation eventually result in?
Dizziness and fainting
A condition where breathing temporarily stops for a period of time
Apnea
Occurs until carbon dioxide levels increase enough to meet metabolic demand
Apnea
Respiratory disorders that affect an individual’s ability to breathe normally
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) and Asthma
Decrease an individual’s ability to force air out of the lungs
- Is this irreversible or reversible?
COPD
- Irreversible
The result of inflammation in the bronchioles, reducing the amount of oxygen that can reach the alveoli
- Is this irreversible or reversible?
Asthma
- Reversible
