Anatomy halo-halo 4

Question 1

thoracentesis

Answer 1

introduced into the pleural cavity in the MAL in the 8th iCS (Anatomy 0)

A needle or tube is inserted through the thoracic wall into the pleural cavity posterior to the MAL one or two intercostal spaces below the fluid level but NOT below the NINTH intercostal space. (BRS Anatomy)

5th ICS MAL (Surgery 3)

For free-flowing effusions, a low approach at the eighth or ninth intercostal space in the posterior midclavicular line (MCL) facilitates complete drainage. (Schwartz)

Question 2

thoracentesis: layers traversed

Answer 2

1. skin
2. superficial fascia
3. deep fascia
4. intercostal muscles
5. endothoracic fascia
6. extrapleural fatty layer
7. parietal pleura

Question 3

The urinary system and genital sysem come from what embyological origin

Answer 3

intermediate mesoderm

Question 4

by the _________, all indications of the pronephric system have DISAPPEARED

Answer 4

end of the 4th week

Question 5

derivatives of the mesonephros

Answer 5

mesonephric duct
-ureteric bud
mullerian duct?
urogenital ridge

Question 6

kidney came from

Answer 6

METANEPHROS
“the DEFINITIVE kidney”
-appears in the 5th week
-URETERIC BUD (comes from the mesonephric duct)
»forms the ureter up to the collecting tubules
-METANEPHRIC CAP
»forms the glomerulus, PT,DT, loops of henle

Question 7

horshoe kidney becomes trapped by the

Answer 7

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 8

contens of the splenorenal ligament

Answer 8

tail of pancreas

splenic vesels

Question 9

contens of gastrosplenic ligament

Answer 9

short gastric artery

Left gastroepiploic artery

Question 10

exterinsic innervatiotn of the heart

Answer 10

sympa
-cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia

para
-vagus nerve

afferent fibers run with the sympathetic nerves (enter the spinal cord through the posterior roots of T1-T4)

inferior wall: may have fibers enterint T7-T9 —> epigastric pain

Question 11

MI REFERRED PAIN VIA

Answer 11

Upper 4 intercostal nerves
intercostobrachial nerve (T2)
-communicates with the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm

Question 12

action of sartorius

Answer 12

flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh

flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint

Question 13

attachments of sartorius

Answer 13

O: ASIS
I: upper medial surface of shaft of tibia

Question 14

actions of pectineus

Answer 14

flexes and adducts thigh at hip joint

Question 15

attachments of pectineus

Answer 15

O: superior ramus of pubis
I: upper end of linea asperaª of shaft of femur

ªlinea aspera is situiated in the upper part of posterior aspect of femur

Question 16

actions of tensor fascia lata

Answer 16

abduction of thigh

medial rotation of thigh

Question 17

parathyroid glands that are more constant in position

Answer 17

2 superior parathyroid glands

-lie at the level of the middle of the posterior border of the thyroid gland

Question 18

remarks on inferior parathyroid gland

Answer 18

usually lie close to the inferior poles of the thyroid gland
may lie within or outside the fascial sheath
sometimes, they are found some distance caudal to the thyroid gland, in association with the INFERIOR THYROID VEINS
or may even reside in the SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM in the thorax

Question 19

blood supply of parathyroid glands

Answer 19

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

*S,M, I tyroid veins

Question 20

lymph drainage of parathyroid glands

Answer 20

deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes

Question 21

nerve supply of parathyroid glands

Answer 21

superior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

Question 22

nerve supply of thyroid gland

Answer 22

superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

Question 23

route of spread of infection to the middle ear

Answer 23

AUDITORY TUBE

• from nasopharynx
• anterior wall of tympanic cavity; “Carotid wall”

Question 24

the mastoid process begins to develop when

Answer 24

during the 2nd year of life

Question 25

infection may readily spread from the tympanic cavity into the mastoid air cells via the

Answer 25

ANTERIOR wall of mastoid antrum (contains the aditus to the mastoid antrum)
and thru the INFERIOR wall of mastoid antrum
-perforated with holes

*the mastoid is the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity