Anatomy Final Flashcards
What is the difference between muscle tone and muscle balance?
tone is a nurigolical state and balance is between the opposing muscle groups?
What is tibial torsion?
When the end of the tibia faces outward or inward and the end of the femur faces front
What kind of joint is the knee?
modified hinge joint
is popping in the knee bad?
Not necessarily
The ___ unlocks the knee?
popitus
Draw a first class lever and label the parts
a. First Class Lever
i. Resistance/Axis/Effor
ii. Example: scissors, teeter totter, head, penche
b. Second Class Lever
i. Axis/Resistance/Effort
ii. Example: nutcracker, relevé, wheel barrow
c. Third Class Lever
i. Resistance/Effort/Axis
ii. Example: shoveling dirt, tweezers
The vertebra of the ___ curve of the spine look like a giraffe
thoracic
True or False. Genu Anecurvatum is slightly flexed knees or knees that do not fully extend
true
list three functions of the cartilage
shock absorption, reduces friction, and binds, supports, protects, insulates bones, and joints
a muscle can contract ____% of its resting length and can stretch ____ times its resting length
50 %, 1 1/2,
What are the three points of weight placement
big toe, little toe, and heel
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body
patella
what bone makes up the tibiofemoral joint
femur, tibia, fibula, and patella
what seven bones make up the axial skeleton or the “weighty 80”?
head, neck, vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, sternum, and coccyx
what are the four main actions of the foot
support and strength, shock absorption, propulsion, perception
what two bones make up the shoulder girdle
scapulae and clavicle
how many bones are in the body
206
locate the rectus femoris and bicep femoris located on the top part of the leg
! **
name the three cardinal planes and their type of movement
sagital-forward and backward
frontal- side to side
horizontal/transverse- grand rond de jamb en l’air
what is the labrum
white lining in the hip socket that acts like a suction cup to the femur (also in the shoulder socket)
The body type that is long and thin, with more flexibility and less strength
ectomorph
name the three basic curves of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
what are the three types f muscle tissue
voluntary (skeletal), cardiac, smooth or involuntary
epithelial tissue is what
skin
what are the 7 bones of the ankle
calcaneus talus cuboid navicular 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cuneiform
what are the 4layers of the abdominal muscles
rectus abdominus
external obliques
internal obliques
transverse abdominus
what are the adductors of the medial muscles of the hip
adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus petineus gracilis
what causes chronic joint pain?
weight not being transfred through the center of a joint as well as damage to cartilage
What are the names of the two cranial vertebral joints?
Atlanto-occipital and antlantoaxial
what is plastic deformation
when muscles have been stretched so much that they are deformed to be extremely flexible
muscle loss due to inactivity is termed ____
muscle atrophy
the gelatinous substance found on the inside of a spinal disc is called ____
nucleus pulposus
what is the origin of the sartorius
anterior superior Iliac spine
muscles can only ___, not push!
pull
What is the difference between kyphosis and lordosis?
kyphosis is “hunchback” and is in the thoracic section of the spine. Lordosis is “swayback: and is accentuated lumbar curvature
what is annulus fibrosus
outer rim of a disk (tire)
How many bones are in the foot?
26
the lateral malleolus attaches to the end of the_____
fibula
the soleus lies beneath (deep to) the ___ muscle and acts solely on the ankle joint
gastrocnemius
Name four muscles in the Quadriceps group
rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
Which muscle of the quadriceps group crosses the hip joint and therefore is a hip flexor and lifts the leg
rectus femoris
What is the only muscle of the back that connects the legs to the torso?
iliopsoas
Name the parts of a long bone.
LOOK AT PHOTO*** Epiphysis-top and bottom nub-cap like ends Diaphysis- shaft of bone articular cartilage- cartilage that protects top and bottom nubs Epipheseal plate near cartilage Periosteum- thin membran covering bone medullary cavity- inner cavity of bone spongy bone- near top of nubs
What is the main function of ligaments
dense tissue that connects bones to other bones
What is the main function of the tendons?
connect to bone to mucle
Where is the hyaline cartilage found?
on the ends of bones to decrease friction of joint surface
What are the functions of cartilage?
shock absorption, reduce friction, & binds supports protects and insolates bones/joints
What are diarthroses joints? Give an example.
(have joint cavity and synovial fluid) 1-gliding/planes-scapulae 2-hinge-ankle 3-pivot-axel axis 4-ellipsoidal-where metacarpals meet phalanges 5-saddle-thumb twittling 6- ball and socket-hips and shoulder
Which one breaks down bone? Osteoblasts? Osteoclasts?
osteoclasts
Why is bone constantly being broken down?
in order to keep it light
What are the three cardinal planes of the body? Can you match them to description?
sagittal-down the middle (front)
frontal- coronal- front to back (moving side)
Horizontal/transverse- upper lower (pirouettes)
What are actin and myosin?
actin- think filament
myosin- cross bridges to Actin (causing contraction)
What is the contractile unit of muscle tissue?
sarcomere
What is the connective tissue? Where is it found and what are the four main purposes of connective tissue?
most abundant. Elastin, collagen, adipose, cartilage, bone, blood
- hold body togetehr
- protects
- nourishes
- supports
Be able to name what body part is superior or inferior to another, what body part is proximal or distal to another.
***** Superior-Above Inferior- Below Proximal- Close Distal- Away
be able to define medial and lateral
medial- towards midline
lateral- away from midline
flexion is when bones come together. T or F?
True
can bones store fat?
yes
is abduction when a body part is taken away from the main body or is it when a body part is added to the main body?
taken away
what is the epiphyseal plate and approximately when does it close in females?
hyaline cartilage attach at the end of long bones, replaced by epiphyseal line in adults
Females—Age 15-16
Males—Age 18-20
what does Wolf’s Law have to do with osteoporosis?
The greater the stress on the bone, the stronger it gets.
The less stress on the bone, the more prone to fracture it is.
The longer you’re active, the less chance your bones have of deteriorating.
Bones grow or remodel in response to the demands placed on them. with less stress bones become less calcified and prone to fracture
What is a closed kinematic chain? What significance does it have for the knee?
joints are closed-fixed in place and cannot move supporting leg. Open kinematic chain is more prone to injury and closed is more stable
Be able to match the three types of muscle contraction: concentric (shortening), isometric (holding static) and eccentric (some fibers shortening, some fibers elongating, resisting gravity)
Concentric- coming up from grand plié
isometric- static position
Eccentric- going down in grand plié
why is imagery and visualization so important for dancers?
using imagery will allow the central nervous system to pick out the correct muscles to perform certain movement. “close your eyes and visualize”
what is the definition of the stretch reflex?
a contraction response to the same muscle that is being stretched
when stretching, which muscle group is called the agonist and which muscle group is called the antagonist?
the agonist is the one pulling and antagonist is the one being fulled
what is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle?
myosin crossing the bridge
what are the two protein elements that compromise the contractile unit of skeletal muscle
Myosin & Actin
T or F. muscles pull toward their origin
true
the left sternocleidomastoid muscle turns the head in what direction?
right
how many main curves are there in the spinal column
3
what are the names of the main curves of the spinal column
cervical- 7 (breakfast)
thoracic- 12 (lunch)
lumbar- 5 (dinner)
what joint is responsible for the Yes nodding of the head? Atlanto-Occipital joint (C1) or Atlantoaxial joint (C2)
atlanto occipital joint…C1
what happens to the annulous fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus in a herniated disc?
polposus pretruding out of fibrosus- jelly out of donut
name the four layers of abdominal muscles?
rectus abdonminus
external obliques
internal obliques
transverse abdominus
what does the iliopsoas do?
main flexor of femur at hip flexion of trunk at hip “magic muscle”
what is the purpose of the bursae
cushion joints so that bones don’t wear down from rubbing against each other
what does the errector spinae do?
holds the spine erect
what is the anatomical name for a swayed back?
lordosis
what is the spondylolisthesis?
one vertebra slips anteriorly to another
name the three parts of the innominatum bone ( os coxae) (hip bone)
iloum
ishium
pubis
what are the four genetic constraints on turnout? (slide 50)
a. Shape of the femoral neck and angle at which head of femur is inserted into the socket
b. Orientation and depth of the socket itself
c. Elasticity of the iliofemoral (y-shaped) ligament
d. Flexibility of muscles around the hip and thigh
what profession is the longest muscle in the body named after?
tailer (sartorius)
the tensor fasciae latae resides (lives) in what band of tissue
iliotibial band
what is the locking mechanism of the knee called?
!closure rotation- the condiles of the femur aren’t the same size causing turn in
name the four bones that comprise the knee joint
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
what are the ligaments of the knee?
collateral ligaments (medial and lateral) crusciate ligaments (anterior and posterior)
what are menisci and what is their purpose?
prevent side to side rocking and shifting of the femur, also absorbing shock
name the muscles of the hamstring group?
a. Biceps femoris
b. Semitendinosus
c. Semimembranosus
what is the purpose of a sesamoid bones in the body (slide 62)
increase the ability of the muscle within which it is located to produce effective force
in what anatomical position, straight or bent, is the knee most vulnerable to injury? Why?
because the knee isn’t engaged
T or F. an os trigonum is caused by part of the talus bone not fusing during growth.
true
the dancer fracture, also known as _____ is a fracture of the _____ metatarsal.
jones fracture, 5th
what is the permanent correction for popped ribs?
widening the back and elongating the spine
what is the only bony connection of the shoulder girdle?
at the sternum
what muscle is antagonistic to the rhomboids?
anterior serratus
what is your emotional muscle
trapezius
what do the shoulder rotator cuff muscles do
abducts shoulder joint, laterally rotates humerus, prevents shoulder dislocation
where is the dancer’s sense of balance in the ear?
semi circular canals
what holds muscle to bone?
tendons
what are the main functions of the quad group and hamstring group?
quad- extend the knee and flex the hip
hamstring- extend the hip and flex the knee
what is the most complex joint in the body
knee
how may bones make up the vertebral column?
33 bones/24 moveable
be able to trace the flow of blood through the body
in through superior vena cava (upper right part of heart) and inferior vena cava (lower right part)-through right atrium-right ventricle out of pulmonary artery
in pulmonary vein (mid left part)- left atrium- left ventricle- out of aorta
which side of the heart is the largest and why is one side larger than the other
!the left because it pumps blood to the whole body
what does proprioception mean?
ones sence of their body parts in relation to other things
the recptors for equilibrium are located in what area of the inner ear? kreiger p 266
semicircular canals
what part does the cerebellum play with regard to movement
smooth graceful movement
describe in terms of inward rotation or outward rotation the mechanics of port de bras and the 3 rotations of the arms
humerus rotates inward, wrists rotates outward, hand rotates slightly inward
humerous is rotated…
inward
radius and ulna rotated…
outward
hand is slightly rotated…
inward
rhomboids
adducts and stabilizes the scapula
latissimus dorsi
largest muscle in the body, moves the arms
trapezius
your emotional muscle
anterior serratus
abducts and rotates scapula
levator scapulae
elevates shoulder blades
bicep brachii
flexes elbow and supinates forearm
trace the blood flow through the heart…
- oxygen-depleted blood enters right atrium
- passes through tricupsid valve (try-right)
- enters right ventricle
- pulmonary semi-lunar valve
- pulmanary arteries to lungs for oxygenation
- pulmanary veins
- re-enters heart through left atrium
- passes through bicupsid (mitral) valve (buy-left)
- enters left ventricle
- aortis smi-lunar valve
- aorta delivers freshly oxygenated blood to body
choose the part of the ear that is responsible for a dancer’s balance
semi-circular canals (vestibular system)
cell oxygenation occurs in the _____ bed
capillary
T or F. veins carry blood to the heart
true
cerebral cortex (cerebrum)
conscious motor action, memory, sensory reception, emotion, intelligence
cerebellum
responsible for smooth, graceful coordinated movement
