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Anatomy 212 > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system functions

A

Ingestions
Motility
Secretion
Digestion (chemical and mechanical)
Absorption
Elimination

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2
Q

Accessory organs

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

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3
Q

alimentary canal

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal

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4
Q

Tunic layers ( In to out)

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, and Serosa

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5
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors detect changes in tract wall and chemical makeup of lumen content
Has: submucosal and myenteric plexus and sensory and motor neurons

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6
Q

Sphincters

A

Close off lumen
controls movement of material into next section

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7
Q

Oral cavity and Salivary Glands

A

mechanical digestion begins here
the saliva secreted in response to food
Contains salivary amylase: iniciates digestion of starch
Mixes with ingested materials to form bolus

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8
Q

Pharynx

A

Bolus moves here for swallowing
- mucus secreted to facilitate swallowing

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9
Q

Esophagus

A

Blus transported from Pharnyx into the stomach
- lubricated by mucus

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10
Q

Stomach

A

Bolus mixes with gastric secretions during smooth muscle contractions
Secretions produced by stomach epithelial cells

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11
Q

Saliva

A

99.5% made of water and solute mixture
Amylase, mucin, and lysozyme added
Iniciates chemical breakdown of starch
- lysosome antibodies inhibit bacteria growth
1-1.5 L secreted daily

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12
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing; increases the surface area of food to expose ti more digestive enzymes
- coordinated activity within teeth, jaw, lips, tongue, and cheeks
- controlled by nuclei in medulla and pons: Mastication center

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13
Q

Phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary: Food is pushed by the tongue against the hard palate to the oropharynx
Pharyngeal: Soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx
- Larynx elevates so the epiglottis closes over laryngeal opening
Esophageal: Soft palate, uvula, and epiglottis return to the original position and the esophageal sphincter closes
- Bolus passes through the esophagus and enters into the stomach as the inferior esophageal sphincter opens. ( peristaltic contractions of esophageal muscle push bolus toward the stomach)

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14
Q

Stomach

A

Resides in the left abdominal quadrant under the diaphragm
Chemical and Mechanical digestion take place
Digestion of fat and protein begins
ingested materials spend 2-6 hours here
Absorption of only small nonpolar substances

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15
Q

Gastric secretions

A

5 types: 4 produce gastric juice; 1 secretes hormone
Surface Mucous cells
Mucous Neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G- cells

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16
Q

Surface Mucous cells

A

Line stomach lumen and extends into gastric pits, secrete alkaline product containing mucous
- mucous helps to prevent ulceration of stomach lining
- protects from gastric enzymes and high acidity

17
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

immediately deep to the gastric pit
produce acidic mucin and helps to maintain acidic conditions
- protect stomach lining from abrasions and injuries

18
Q

Parietal cells

A

add insintric factor and hydrochloric acid
Insintric factor: essential for the absorption of B12 and production of normal erythrocytes
Hydrochloric acid: Responsible for low pH

19
Q

Hydrochloric acid functions

A

Converts inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin
Denatures proteins
Kills most organisms entering the stomach
Helps break down plant cell walls and animal CT

20
Q

Chief cells

A

most numerous secretory cells in the gastric gland
Produce and secrete zymogen granules
Produce gastric lipase: limited role in fat digestion

21
Q

G- cells

A

Enteroendocrine cells widely distributed in gastric glands
Secrete gastrin hormone which stimulates secretions and motility

22
Q

Gastric mixing and emptying

A

contraction of smooth muscle mix bolus with gastric secretions to form chyme
peristalic waves result in pressure gradients that move stomach contents toward the pyloric region
the pressure gradient applies force against the pyloric sphincter
sphincter opens and a small amount enters Duodenum
sphincter closes and retropulsion occurs

23
Q

Small intestine

A

ingested nutrients reside here at least 12 hrs
absorbs most nutrients, water, vitamins, and electrolytes

24
Q

Duodenum

A

Continuous with the jejunum at duodenojejunal flexure
most retroperitoneal
receives accessory gland secretions from liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and chyme from stomach

25
Q

Jejunum

A

Primary region from chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
intraperitoneal and suspended by mesentery

26
Q

Ileum

A

Distal end terminates at ileocecal valve which is the sphincter controlling entry into large intestine
- intraperitoneal and suspended by mesentery
- continues absorption of digested material

27
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes from remianing digested material
- absorbs vitamin B and K
- watery chyme turns into feces and stores them until defecation
- from ileocecal junction to termination at anus

28
Q

Liver

A

Right upper quadrant
- largest internal organ
- covered by CT capsule and layer layer of visceral peritoneum
- production of bile is main function

29
Q

Bile

A

Secreted by liver
Contains: water, bicarbonate ions, bile pigments, cholesterol, bile salts, lecithin, and mucin
Bile salts and lecithin help ,mechanically digest lipids

30
Q

Gallbladder

A

Attached to the inferior surface of the liver
- stores concentrates and releases bile
connected to the common bile duct by the cystic duct
sphincter valve ( hepatopancreatic sphincter)
- controls bile into and out of gallbladder

31
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine function: produces and secretes insulin nd glucagon
Exocrine function: produces pancreatic juice to assist with digestive activities
Retroperitoneal organ
- wide head, tail tapers as it approaches spleen

32
Q

Pancreatic Juice

A

Formed from secretions of acinar cells and pancreatic duct cells
- alkaline fluid
Mostly water, HCO3, digestive enzymes
- pancreatic amylase to digest starch
- pancreatic lipase to digest triglycerides
- inactive proteases that digestions proteins when activated
- nucleases for digestion for nucleic acids

33
Q

Hormones that control digestion

A

Gastrin: secreted bt G-cells; stimulated by bolus; Targets parietal cells: secretion of HCI
chief cells: secretion of pepsinogen
pyloric sphincter: stimulates contraction

Cholecystokinin: secreted by Enteroendocrine; stimulated by chyme containing amino acids and fatty acids; Primary targets:
Stomach: inhibits stomach motility and gastric secretion
Pancreas: stimulation pancreatic juice
Hepatopancreaic sphincter: Relaxation

Secretin: secreted by enteroendocrine; stimulus is increase of acidity in chyme; Targets:
Stomach: inhibits stomach motility and gastric secretion
Pancreas: secretion of alkaline solution
Liver:secretion of alkaline solution

34
Q

Carbohydrate digestion in small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylase produce and secreted into small intestine
Pancreatic amylase continues digestion of strach that began in oral cavity by salivary amylase
Brush border enzymes complete the breakdown of starch and are responsible for digestion of disaccharides

35
Q

Protein digestion in the
small intestine

A

Proteolytic enzymes released from the pancreas
Enteropeptidase to activates trypsinogen to trypsin and activates other proteolytic enzymes
Activated pancreatic proteolytic enzymes break proteins into peptides and amino acids
Brush border peptidases break peptides into single amino acids to be absorbed through epithelial cell into blood

36
Q

Lipid digestion and absorption in small intestine

A

Bile salts emulsify lipid droplets to form micelles
Pancreatic lipase in micelles digest each triglyceride and two free fatty acids
monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter an epithelial cell, bile salts remain in the intestinal lumen to be reabsorbed and recycled
Triglycerides molecules reassembled within epithelial cells
Lipids are then wrapped with protein to form a chylomicron. Chylomicrons are packaged within secretory vesicles and then exocytosed from the cells and absorbed into lacteals

Anatomy 212 (5 decks)

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