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Anatomy 212 > Anatomy Exam 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The left and right atriums send blood to the

A

ventricles

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2
Q

The left ventricle has - blood while the right ventricle has - blood

A

oxygenated
deoxygenated

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood enters right atrium, right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, both pulmonary veins, left atrium.

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4
Q

systemic system

A

oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic arteries, systemic capillaries, drains into the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus, and enters the right atrium

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5
Q

ventricles have - walls than atria; the - ventricle has a thicker wall than the - ventricle

A

thicker; left; right

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6
Q

metabolism of cardiac muscle

A

high demand for energy
uses different molecules for fuel ( fatty acids, glucose, lactic acid)
relies mostly on aerobic metabolism

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7
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

provides structural support
forms fibrous rings that anchor valves
attachment of cardiac muscle
prevents atria and ventricles from contracting at the same time

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8
Q

coronary circulation

A

delivers blood to heart’s thick wall
C. arteries brings oxygenate blood to heart wall
C. veins brings deoxygenated blood to right atrium

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9
Q

conduction system

A

ensures timing of contractions
influenced by autonomic system

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10
Q

cardiac center

A

has cardioacceletory and cardioinhibitory centers
uses both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
modifies cardiac activity

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11
Q

Parasympathetic - heart rate; sympathetic - heart rate

A

decreases; increases

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12
Q

physiologic processes associated with heart contraction
CONDUCTION SYSTEM

A

SA node initiates action potential
- the action potential is propagated throughout the atria and the conduction system

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13
Q

physiologic processes associated with heart contraction
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

A
  • action potential is propagated across the sarcolemma
  • thin filaments slide past thick filaments and sarcomeres shorten with cardiac muscle
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14
Q

SA node cellular activity

A

-SLOW voltage Na channels open. membrane potential moves from -60mV to -40mV
- Fast voltage-gated Ca channels open. membrane potential goes from -40mV to above 0
- FAST voltage-gated Ca channels close. K voltage-gated channels open returning the membrane potential to -60mV

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15
Q

Initiation and spread of an action potential through the cardiac conduction system

A
  • an action potential is created in the SA node. spreads through gap junctions and moves to the AV node
  • action potential is delayed at the AV node before passing to the AV bundles
  • the AV bundle conducts an action potential to the left and right bundle branches and then into the Purkinje fibers
  • the action potential is spread by gap junctions throughout the ventricles
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16
Q

Electrical events of cardiac muscle cells

A

-Fast voltage-gated Na channels open, entering the cell. Membrane potential goes from -90 to 30+MV and they close
- K+voltage gated cells move out of the cell and Ca moves in the cell, causing no electrical change called a plateau.
- Ca closes but K stays open, allowing the membrane potential to move from 30+ mV back to -90mV

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17
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization originating in SA node

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18
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization
- atria repolarizing

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19
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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20
Q

P-Q segment

A

atrias are contracting

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21
Q

S-T segment

A

ventricles are contracting

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22
Q

P-R intervals

A

time from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS deflection

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23
Q

Q-T interval

A

beginning of QRS to the end of the T wave
reflects the time of ventricular action potentials

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24
Q

Systole

A

contraction

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25
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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26
Q

Ventricular contraction

A

AV valves pushed closed; semilunar pushed open and blood is ejected into the artery
raises pressure

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27
Q

ventricular relaxtion

A

AV valves open; semilunar close
lowers pressure

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28
Q

atrial contraction and ventricular filling

A

atria contract; ventricles relax
AV valves open; semilunar closed

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29
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

atria relax; ventricles contract
AV valves closed; semilunar closed

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30
Q

ventricular ejection

A

atria relax; ventricle contract
AV valves close; semilunar open

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31
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

atria and ventricles relaxed
AV and semilunar valves closed

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32
Q

atrial relaxation and ventricular filling

A

atria and ventricles relax
AV valves open; semilunar closed

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33
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in one minute ( liters per minute)
- HRx SV = CO

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34
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected in one beat from one ventricle

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35
Q

venous return

A

volume blood returned to the heart
- directly related to stroke volume
volume determines preload

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36
Q

Frank starling law

A

as EDV increases, the greater stretch of the heart results in more optimal overlap of thick and thin filaments

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37
Q

variables increasing stroke volume
VENOUS RETURN

A

increased venous return
increased stretch of heart wall
additional cross bridges form
stroke volume increases

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38
Q

variables increasing stroke volume
INOTROPIC AGENTS

A

increased Ca levels result in greater binding of Ca
additional cross-bridges form
stroke volume increases

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39
Q

variables increasing stroke volume
AFTERLOAD

A

atherosclerosis(deposition of plaque) a factor as we age
arteries become more narrow
increases resistance to pump blood into the arteries

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40
Q

3 types of arteries

A

elastic artery, muscular arteries, and arterioles

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41
Q

artery branching

A

branch into smaller vessels, decrease in lumen diameter and elastic fibers, increase in smooth muscle

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42
Q

Capillary characteristics

A

connect arterioles to venules
three types: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid

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43
Q

rouleau

A

erythrocytes travel single file

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44
Q

continuous capillaries

A

endothelial cells create continuous lining
tight junctions connect cells
intercellular clefts- gaps between endothelial cells
Found in muscles, skin, lungs, and central nervous system

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45
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

still a continuous lining but with pores
-allow movement of smaller plasma proteins
- intestinal and kidney capillaries

46
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

endothelial cells form incomplete lining with large gaps
- basement membrane incomplete or absent
- bone merrow, spleen, liver, and some endocrine glands

47
Q

venules

A

smallest veins
companion vessels ith arterioles
smallest venules are = postcapillary venules
form veins

48
Q

Veins

A

all different sizes of veins
large veins- in elastic arteries
most large veins have numerous valves
small and medium- companion with muscular arteries

49
Q

bulk flow

A

fluids flow down the pressure gradient

50
Q

filtration

A

fluid moves out of the blood
- occurs on the arterial end of the capillary
net pressure out

51
Q

reabsorption

A

fluid moves back into the blood
osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure

52
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted per unit area by blood on vessel wall
promotes filtration from capillary

53
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

pull of water due to the presence of protein solutes

54
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

draws fluid into blood due to blood proteins

55
Q

blood pressure

A

force of blood against vessel wall

56
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

blood flow in artery pulses with cardiac cycle

57
Q

systolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles contract
arteries expand

58
Q

diastolic pressure

A

when ventricles relax
arteries recoil

59
Q

pulse pressure

A

pressure in arteries added by heart contraction
pulse pressure allows for the palpation of a throbbing pulse in elastic and muscular arteries
- influenced by stretching to recoiling of arteries
if pulse pressure is 40mm Hg, blood pressure is 120/80
(120-80) = 40

60
Q

blood pressure gradient in the systemic circulation

A
  • differences between the pressure in arteries near the heart and vena cava
  • moves blood through the vasculature
  • increases by increased cardiac output
61
Q

resistance

A

friction blood encounters
- due to contract between blood and vessel wall

62
Q

peripheral resistance

A

affected by viscosity, vessel length and lumen size

63
Q

causes of increased total blood flow

A

increased cardiac output
less resistance

64
Q

causes of decreased total blood flow

A

decreased cardiac output
more resistance

65
Q

inspiration

A

increased blood flow into thoracic veins

66
Q

expiration

A

increased blood flow into heart and abdominal veins

67
Q

blood pressure depends on

A

cardiac output, resistance, and blood volume

68
Q

short term blood pressure is regulated by

A

autonomic nervous system

69
Q

The cardiovascular center of the medulla contains

A

cardiac center and vasomotor center

70
Q

cardiac center influences blood pressure by

A

influencing cardiac output

71
Q

vasomotor

A

influences blood pressure by influencing vessel diameter

72
Q

baroreceptors

A

respond to the stretch of vessel wall

73
Q

aortic arch baroreceptors

A

transmit signals to the cardiovascular center through the vagus nerve
- regulates systemic blood pressure

74
Q

carotid sinus

A

transmit signals to the cardiovascular center through the glossopharyngeal nerve
- monitors blood pressure and is more sensitive to blood pressure changes

75
Q

autonomic reflexes for blood pressure are baroreceptor reflexes
DECREASE

A

Initiated by a change in blood pressure
- vessel stretch declines,
- baroreceptor firing decreases
- cardioacceletory simulates sympathetic pathways to increase cardiac output,
- stops cardioinhibitory center to minimize parasympathetic activity, - activates vasomotor to increase vasoconstriction

76
Q

autonomic reflexes for blood pressure are baroreceptor reflexes
INCREASE

A

Initiated by a change in blood pressure
- vessel stretches more
- baroreceptors increase
- cardioaccerlery sends fewer signals
- cardioinhibitory activates parasympathetic pathways to SA and AV nodes of the heart
- vasomotor send fewer signals for vasodilation

77
Q

chemoreceptor reflexes

A

influence blood pressure
- they bring about negative feedback to reach normal levels of blood chemistry
- main peripheral chemoreceptors are in aortic and carotid bodies
- stimulates vasomotor center
- stimulated by carbon dioxide, low pH, very low oxygen

78
Q

hormone regulates blood pressure

A
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine work with the sympathetic nervous system(adrenal gland)
  • angiotensin 2 antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide also have effects
79
Q

Renin- angiotensin system

A

kidney receptors detect low blood pressure or are stimulated by sympathetic division and renin is released
- renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
- ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
- Angiotensin 2 increases blood pressure by:
- vasoconstriction, stimulated thirst center and decreasing urine formation

80
Q

aldosterone

A

maintain blood volume and pressure
- released from the adrenal cortex
- trigger by angiotensin 2
- increased absorption of after and sodium ions in kidney
- decreases urine output

81
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

maintain and elevate blood pressure
- released from the posterior pituitary
- release triggered by signals from the hypothalamus
- stimulated by increased blood concentration or angiotensin 2

82
Q

ADH effects

A

increases water absorption in kidney
- stimulates thirst center to increase fluid intake
- causes vasoconstriction
ADH is also known as vasopressin

83
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

decreases blood pressure
released from atria when walls are stretched from high volume
stimulates vasodilation

84
Q

lymphatic system functions

A

transports and houses lymphocytes
returns excess fluid in body tissues to blood

85
Q

lymph

A

fluid transported within lymph vessels
- monitored for the presence of foreign material
- may enter near lymph node within a cluster of nodes

86
Q

characteristics of lymph

A

some fluid leaves blood capillaries and is not reabsorbed
- moves into lymphatic capillaries

87
Q

components

A

water, dissolved solutes, and small amount of protein

88
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

only drains top right quadrant of the body

89
Q

thoracic duct

A

drains the three other quarters of the body

90
Q

primary lymphatic structures

A
  • formation and maturation of lymphocytes
  • red bone marrow and thymus
91
Q

secondary lymphatic structures

A

house lymphocytes
- site f immune response initation
- lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules

92
Q

red bone marrow

A

between trabeculae of spongy bone
- flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxa, and the heads of humorous and femur

93
Q

hemopoiesis

A

production of formed blood elements
T and B lymphocytes

94
Q

thymus

A
  • T lymphocytes travel to thymus to complete maturation
  • larger in children than adults
  • two thymic lobes surrounded by a tissue capsule
  • trabeculae subdivide lobes to lobules
  • each lobule has a cortex and inner medulla
95
Q

cortex

A

immature t-lymphocytes

96
Q

medulla

A

mature t-lymphocytes

97
Q

lymph nodes

A

filter lymph, remove unwanted substances
- located along deep and superficial pathways of lymph vessels

98
Q

lymph node types

A

cervical - head and neck
axillary - breast, axilla, and arms
inguinal - legs and pelvis

99
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

bring lymph to node
- creates pressure tp push it through node to the single exit

100
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

drain lymph nodes
- located at hilum

101
Q

lymphocytes

A

may innicaite immune response

102
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ
- filters and monitors the blood
-

103
Q

white pulp

A

clusters of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages
- monitors for foreign materials and bacteria

104
Q

red pulp

A

erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B lymphocytes
- storage site for erythrocytes and platelets

105
Q

in the first 5 months of fetal life - makes blood cells

A

spleen

106
Q

tonsils

A

immune surveillance of inhaled or ingested sustances
tonsillar crypts- trap martial
- contain lymphatic modules

107
Q

Types of tonsils

A

Pharyngeal tonsil- in nasopharynx; called adenoids wen enlarged
Palatine- posterolateral oral cavity
Lingual- on posterior one third of tongue

108
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

a cluster of lymphatic cells with extracellular matrix
found in every body organ
fights against infection
can group together to form larger structures (MALT)

109
Q

scattered nodules termed

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue

110
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
- located in gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts
- fights against foreign substances

Anatomy 212 (5 decks)

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