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Anatomy 212 > Anatomy Exam 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The left and right atriums send blood to the

A

ventricles

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2
Q

The left ventricle has - blood while the right ventricle has - blood

A

oxygenated
deoxygenated

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood enters right atrium, right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, both pulmonary veins, left atrium.

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4
Q

systemic system

A

oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic arteries, systemic capillaries, drains into the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus, and enters the right atrium

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5
Q

ventricles have - walls than atria; the - ventricle has a thicker wall than the - ventricle

A

thicker; left; right

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6
Q

metabolism of cardiac muscle

A

high demand for energy
uses different molecules for fuel ( fatty acids, glucose, lactic acid)
relies mostly on aerobic metabolism

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7
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

provides structural support
forms fibrous rings that anchor valves
attachment of cardiac muscle
prevents atria and ventricles from contracting at the same time

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8
Q

coronary circulation

A

delivers blood to heart’s thick wall
C. arteries brings oxygenate blood to heart wall
C. veins brings deoxygenated blood to right atrium

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9
Q

conduction system

A

ensures timing of contractions
influenced by autonomic system

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10
Q

cardiac center

A

has cardioacceletory and cardioinhibitory centers
uses both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
modifies cardiac activity

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11
Q

Parasympathetic - heart rate; sympathetic - heart rate

A

decreases; increases

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12
Q

physiologic processes associated with heart contraction
CONDUCTION SYSTEM

A

SA node initiates action potential
- the action potential is propagated throughout the atria and the conduction system

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13
Q

physiologic processes associated with heart contraction
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

A
  • action potential is propagated across the sarcolemma
  • thin filaments slide past thick filaments and sarcomeres shorten with cardiac muscle
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14
Q

SA node cellular activity

A

-SLOW voltage Na channels open. membrane potential moves from -60mV to -40mV
- Fast voltage-gated Ca channels open. membrane potential goes from -40mV to above 0
- FAST voltage-gated Ca channels close. K voltage-gated channels open returning the membrane potential to -60mV

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15
Q

Initiation and spread of an action potential through the cardiac conduction system

A
  • an action potential is created in the SA node. spreads through gap junctions and moves to the AV node
  • action potential is delayed at the AV node before passing to the AV bundles
  • the AV bundle conducts an action potential to the left and right bundle branches and then into the Purkinje fibers
  • the action potential is spread by gap junctions throughout the ventricles
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16
Q

Electrical events of cardiac muscle cells

A

-Fast voltage-gated Na channels open, entering the cell. Membrane potential goes from -90 to 30+MV and they close
- K+voltage gated cells move out of the cell and Ca moves in the cell, causing no electrical change called a plateau.
- Ca closes but K stays open, allowing the membrane potential to move from 30+ mV back to -90mV

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17
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization originating in SA node

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18
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization
- atria repolarizing

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19
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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20
Q

P-Q segment

A

atrias are contracting

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21
Q

S-T segment

A

ventricles are contracting

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22
Q

P-R intervals

A

time from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS deflection

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23
Q

Q-T interval

A

beginning of QRS to the end of the T wave
reflects the time of ventricular action potentials

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24
Q

Systole

A

contraction

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25
diastole
relaxation
26
Ventricular contraction
AV valves pushed closed; semilunar pushed open and blood is ejected into the artery raises pressure
27
ventricular relaxtion
AV valves open; semilunar close lowers pressure
28
atrial contraction and ventricular filling
atria contract; ventricles relax AV valves open; semilunar closed
29
isovolumetric contraction
atria relax; ventricles contract AV valves closed; semilunar closed
30
ventricular ejection
atria relax; ventricle contract AV valves close; semilunar open
31
isovolumetric relaxation
atria and ventricles relaxed AV and semilunar valves closed
32
atrial relaxation and ventricular filling
atria and ventricles relax AV valves open; semilunar closed
33
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in one minute ( liters per minute) - HRx SV = CO
34
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected in one beat from one ventricle
35
venous return
volume blood returned to the heart - directly related to stroke volume volume determines preload
36
Frank starling law
as EDV increases, the greater stretch of the heart results in more optimal overlap of thick and thin filaments
37
variables increasing stroke volume VENOUS RETURN
increased venous return increased stretch of heart wall additional cross bridges form stroke volume increases
38
variables increasing stroke volume INOTROPIC AGENTS
increased Ca levels result in greater binding of Ca additional cross-bridges form stroke volume increases
39
variables increasing stroke volume AFTERLOAD
atherosclerosis(deposition of plaque) a factor as we age arteries become more narrow increases resistance to pump blood into the arteries
40
3 types of arteries
elastic artery, muscular arteries, and arterioles
41
artery branching
branch into smaller vessels, decrease in lumen diameter and elastic fibers, increase in smooth muscle
42
Capillary characteristics
connect arterioles to venules three types: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid
43
rouleau
erythrocytes travel single file
44
continuous capillaries
endothelial cells create continuous lining tight junctions connect cells intercellular clefts- gaps between endothelial cells Found in muscles, skin, lungs, and central nervous system
45
fenestrated capillaries
still a continuous lining but with pores -allow movement of smaller plasma proteins - intestinal and kidney capillaries
46
sinusoid capillaries
endothelial cells form incomplete lining with large gaps - basement membrane incomplete or absent - bone merrow, spleen, liver, and some endocrine glands
47
venules
smallest veins companion vessels ith arterioles smallest venules are = postcapillary venules form veins
48
Veins
all different sizes of veins large veins- in elastic arteries most large veins have numerous valves small and medium- companion with muscular arteries
49
bulk flow
fluids flow down the pressure gradient
50
filtration
fluid moves out of the blood - occurs on the arterial end of the capillary net pressure out
51
reabsorption
fluid moves back into the blood osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
52
blood hydrostatic pressure
force exerted per unit area by blood on vessel wall promotes filtration from capillary
53
colloid osmotic pressure
pull of water due to the presence of protein solutes
54
blood colloid osmotic pressure
draws fluid into blood due to blood proteins
55
blood pressure
force of blood against vessel wall
56
arterial blood pressure
blood flow in artery pulses with cardiac cycle
57
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contract arteries expand
58
diastolic pressure
when ventricles relax arteries recoil
59
pulse pressure
pressure in arteries added by heart contraction pulse pressure allows for the palpation of a throbbing pulse in elastic and muscular arteries - influenced by stretching to recoiling of arteries if pulse pressure is 40mm Hg, blood pressure is 120/80 (120-80) = 40
60
blood pressure gradient in the systemic circulation
- differences between the pressure in arteries near the heart and vena cava - moves blood through the vasculature - increases by increased cardiac output
61
resistance
friction blood encounters - due to contract between blood and vessel wall
62
peripheral resistance
affected by viscosity, vessel length and lumen size
63
causes of increased total blood flow
increased cardiac output less resistance
64
causes of decreased total blood flow
decreased cardiac output more resistance
65
inspiration
increased blood flow into thoracic veins
66
expiration
increased blood flow into heart and abdominal veins
67
blood pressure depends on
cardiac output, resistance, and blood volume
68
short term blood pressure is regulated by
autonomic nervous system
69
The cardiovascular center of the medulla contains
cardiac center and vasomotor center
70
cardiac center influences blood pressure by
influencing cardiac output
71
vasomotor
influences blood pressure by influencing vessel diameter
72
baroreceptors
respond to the stretch of vessel wall
73
aortic arch baroreceptors
transmit signals to the cardiovascular center through the vagus nerve - regulates systemic blood pressure
74
carotid sinus
transmit signals to the cardiovascular center through the glossopharyngeal nerve - monitors blood pressure and is more sensitive to blood pressure changes
75
autonomic reflexes for blood pressure are baroreceptor reflexes DECREASE
Initiated by a change in blood pressure - vessel stretch declines, - baroreceptor firing decreases - cardioacceletory simulates sympathetic pathways to increase cardiac output, - stops cardioinhibitory center to minimize parasympathetic activity, - activates vasomotor to increase vasoconstriction
76
autonomic reflexes for blood pressure are baroreceptor reflexes INCREASE
Initiated by a change in blood pressure - vessel stretches more - baroreceptors increase - cardioaccerlery sends fewer signals - cardioinhibitory activates parasympathetic pathways to SA and AV nodes of the heart - vasomotor send fewer signals for vasodilation
77
chemoreceptor reflexes
influence blood pressure - they bring about negative feedback to reach normal levels of blood chemistry - main peripheral chemoreceptors are in aortic and carotid bodies - stimulates vasomotor center - stimulated by carbon dioxide, low pH, very low oxygen
78
hormone regulates blood pressure
- epinephrine and norepinephrine work with the sympathetic nervous system(adrenal gland) - angiotensin 2 antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide also have effects
79
Renin- angiotensin system
kidney receptors detect low blood pressure or are stimulated by sympathetic division and renin is released - renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 - ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 - Angiotensin 2 increases blood pressure by: - vasoconstriction, stimulated thirst center and decreasing urine formation
80
aldosterone
maintain blood volume and pressure - released from the adrenal cortex - trigger by angiotensin 2 - increased absorption of after and sodium ions in kidney - decreases urine output
81
antidiuretic hormone
maintain and elevate blood pressure - released from the posterior pituitary - release triggered by signals from the hypothalamus - stimulated by increased blood concentration or angiotensin 2
82
ADH effects
increases water absorption in kidney - stimulates thirst center to increase fluid intake - causes vasoconstriction ADH is also known as vasopressin
83
Atrial natriuretic peptide
decreases blood pressure released from atria when walls are stretched from high volume stimulates vasodilation
84
lymphatic system functions
transports and houses lymphocytes returns excess fluid in body tissues to blood
85
lymph
fluid transported within lymph vessels - monitored for the presence of foreign material - may enter near lymph node within a cluster of nodes
86
characteristics of lymph
some fluid leaves blood capillaries and is not reabsorbed - moves into lymphatic capillaries
87
components
water, dissolved solutes, and small amount of protein
88
right lymphatic duct
only drains top right quadrant of the body
89
thoracic duct
drains the three other quarters of the body
90
primary lymphatic structures
- formation and maturation of lymphocytes - red bone marrow and thymus
91
secondary lymphatic structures
house lymphocytes - site f immune response initation - lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules
92
red bone marrow
between trabeculae of spongy bone - flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxa, and the heads of humorous and femur
93
hemopoiesis
production of formed blood elements T and B lymphocytes
94
thymus
- T lymphocytes travel to thymus to complete maturation - larger in children than adults - two thymic lobes surrounded by a tissue capsule - trabeculae subdivide lobes to lobules - each lobule has a cortex and inner medulla
95
cortex
immature t-lymphocytes
96
medulla
mature t-lymphocytes
97
lymph nodes
filter lymph, remove unwanted substances - located along deep and superficial pathways of lymph vessels
98
lymph node types
cervical - head and neck axillary - breast, axilla, and arms inguinal - legs and pelvis
99
afferent lymphatic vessels
bring lymph to node - creates pressure tp push it through node to the single exit
100
efferent lymphatic vessels
drain lymph nodes - located at hilum
101
lymphocytes
may innicaite immune response
102
spleen
largest lymphatic organ - filters and monitors the blood -
103
white pulp
clusters of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages - monitors for foreign materials and bacteria
104
red pulp
erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B lymphocytes - storage site for erythrocytes and platelets
105
in the first 5 months of fetal life - makes blood cells
spleen
106
tonsils
immune surveillance of inhaled or ingested sustances tonsillar crypts- trap martial - contain lymphatic modules
107
Types of tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil- in nasopharynx; called adenoids wen enlarged Palatine- posterolateral oral cavity Lingual- on posterior one third of tongue
108
Lymphatic nodules
a cluster of lymphatic cells with extracellular matrix found in every body organ fights against infection can group together to form larger structures (MALT)
109
scattered nodules termed
diffuse lymphatic tissue
110
MALT
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue - located in gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts - fights against foreign substances

Anatomy 212 (5 decks)

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