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Anatomy exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

protects us from infectious agents and harmful substances

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2
Q

Immunity differs based on

A

cells
cell response
mechanisms of eliminating harmful substances
time for response

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

skin and mucosa membranes and nonspecific internal defenses
- macrophages, natural killer cells neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, chemicals, and physiologic responses

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

T and B lymphocytes
- plasma cells

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5
Q

innate immunity charateristics

A
  • responds nonspecifically, the first line of defense ( mucosal membrane)
  • the second line of defense (internal processes)
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6
Q

phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

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7
Q

Proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells

A

basophils and mast cells

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8
Q

apoptosis

A

natural killer cell

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9
Q

parasite destroying cell

A

eosinophils

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10
Q

interferon

A

synthesises enzyme that interfere with viral repilcation

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11
Q

Complement system

A

over 30 plasma proteins work with complement antibodies
- identify with the letter C and a number and synthesized by the liver
Classical pathway: antibody attaches to a foreign substance and the complement binds to antibody
Alternative: complement binds to polysaccharides of bacteria or fungal cell

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12
Q

opsonization

A

complement protein binds to the pathogen
- inflammation is enhanced by this ( activates mas cels and basophils; attracts neutrophils and macrophages)

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13
Q

cytolysis

A

complement triggers the destruction of the target cell

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14
Q

membrane attack complex

A

formed by complement proteins; creates a channel in target cell membrane

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15
Q

elimination of immune complexes

A

complement linked antigen-antibody complexes to erythrocytes
cells move to liver and spleen where complexes are stripped off

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16
Q

inflammation

A

the immediate response that wards off unwanted substances
part of innate immunity; duration is 8-10 days
1: release of chemotactic factors: mast and basophil cells
2: vasodilation of arterioles, an increase of capillary permeability, display of CAMS
3: recruitment of immune cells ( marination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis)
4: deliver of plasma proteins

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17
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

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18
Q

fever

A

pyrexia; normal is 37c
- pyrogens circulate through blood and target the hypothalamus
- hypothalamus releases prostaglandins E2
- hypothalamus raises temperature

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19
Q

benefits of fever

A

inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and viruses
promotes interferon activity
increases adaptive immunity
accelerates tissue repair
increases CAMs
- leave a low fever untreated

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20
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specific response to antigen
longer response time than innate immunity
- cell-mediated ( T cells)
- humoral immunity ( B cells, plasma cells and antibodies)

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21
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes types:
- cytotoxic- apoptosis
- helper - release cytocons

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22
Q

humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes
- plasma cells: produce antibodies

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23
Q

antigens

A

Antigen: a substance that binds to a T lymphocyte or antibody
pathogens are detected by lymphocytes because they contain antigens
Examples: protein capsid of virus, cell walla of bacteria or fungi, bacterial toxins, and abnormal proteins/ tumor antigens

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24
Q

antigenic determinant

A

also known as epitope
- the specific site on the antigen is recognized by the immune system
- pathogenic organisms can have multiple determinants
each has a different shape

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25
immunogen
antigen inducing an immune repsonse
26
immunogenicity
ability to trigger a response increasing factors include: foreignness, size, complexity, or quantity
27
Haptens
a small foreign molecule that induced an immune response when attached to a carrier molecule in a host
28
T lymphocyte structure
CD4 proteins and TCR on helper ( assist in cell mediation, humoral and innate immunity) CD8 and TCR on cytotoxic (destroy cells) - CD facilitates interaction - antigen presented by another cell
29
B lymphocyte structure
antibodies on cell make direct contact with antigen
30
antigen presentation
cells display antigen on plasma membrane so T cells can recognize it
31
antigen presentation cells (APC's)
Include: dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes Immune cells present to both help and cytotoxic cells - requires attachment to MHC
32
Major histocompatibility complex ( MHC)
group of trasnmembrane protiens CD4 binds with MHC class 2; CD8 binds with MHC class 1
33
life events in lymphocytes
Formation and maturation: occurs in red bone marrow and thymus + can recognize foreign antigens Activation: in secondary lymphatic structures they are exposed to anitgen and activated Effector response: T lymphocytes move to site of infection; B lymphocytes stay and release large quantities of antibodies then antibodies are transported to infection through blood and lymph
34
antigen challenge
first encounter bewteen antigen and lymphocyte - happens in secondary structures ( spleen, lymph node, respiratory, GI, urogenital tracts, tonsils or malt)
35
clonal selection
forming clones in response to antigen - all formed cells have a matching TCR or BCR for antigens
36
activation of lymphocytes T helper
- CD4 binds with MHC 2 of APC; TCR interacts w MHC 1 - Helper T releases IL2 which binds with it -
37
activation of lymphocytes Cytotoxic
-CD8 binds with MHC 1 and TCR interacts with MHC 1 - IL2 is released which has helper T cells activate cytotoxic cells
38
activation of lymphocytes B cells
-free antigen binds to BCR -B lymphocyte engulfs and presents antigen to helper t cell - IL4 released from activated helper T lymphocyte stimulates B lymphocyte
39
effector response
lymphocytes eliminate antigen Helper T: release IL2 and IL4 and regulate cells of adaptive and innate immunity Cytotoxic: apoptosis Plasma: create antibodies
40
Effector response to T lymphocytes
Helper t cells migrate to the site of infection, help with B lymphocytes, activate cytokines t lymphocytes with cytokines, and stimulate innate immune system cells
41
Effector response to B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes become plasma cells plasma cells synthesize and release antibodies - cells remain in the lymph nodes - produce millions of antibodies during 5 days life span - antibodies circulate until antigen is found
42
antibody titer
circulating blood concertation of antibody antibody against a specific antigen
43
antibodies
immunoglobin proteins produced against a particular antigen - antibodies tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells - soluble antigens are combated by humoral immunity
44
neutralization
antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin
45
agglutination
antibody cross-link cells forming a clump
46
precipitation
antibody cross-links circulating particles forming an insoluble antigen-antibody complex
47
complement fixation
Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins which activates it
48
opsonization
Fc region of antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cells, triggering phagocytosis
49
activation of NK cells
Fc region antibody binds to NK cell triggering release of cytotoxic chemicals
50
IgG
major class, 75-85%, most versitile, capable of all Ab actions
51
IgM
penatmeter, best at aggulation
52
IgA
Dimer, areas exposed to environment(tonsils, mucous membranes) best at neutralization
53
IgD
BCR
54
IgE
allergy and parasitism; degranulation of basophils and mast cells; chemotactic for eosinophil
55
immunologic memory
memory results from the formation of a long-lived army of lymphocytes upon immune activation adaptive immunity: requires lymphocyte and antigen contact - lag time between first exposure - activation leads to the creation of memory cells At the second response, contact is made rapidly - pathogen eliminated before symptoms develop - vaccines help develop memory cells
56
active immunity
production of memory wells due to contact with antigen - direct exposure ( sickness) - antigen exposure from vaccine
57
passive immunity
no production of memory cells; antibodies from another person or animal - transfer from mother to child across placenta - transfer of serum containing antibody from person or animal (blood/sweat)
58
hypersensitivities
allergy symptoms - runny nose, watery eyes, red welts, itchy skin, labored breathing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, systemic vasodilation, inflammation
59
autoimmune disorders
lacks tolerance for specific self antigen; kills own cells - due to cross activity, altered self antigens, or entering areas with immune privlige
60
HIV and AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency disorder - infects and destroys helper T and resides in body fluids - transmitted by intercourse, needle sharing, breastfeeding, and placental transmission HIV tests look for HIV antibodies - becomes AIDS when helper T cells drop to a certain level NO CURE
61
Pulmonary ventilation
movement of gases between the atmosphere and alveoli (air movement)
62
alveolar gas exchange
exchange of gases between alveoli and blood( in pulmonary capillaries)
63
gas transport
transport of gases in blood between lungs( systemic capillaries) and systemic cells
64
systemic gas exchange
exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the systemic cells
65
ventilation cycle phases
inspiration: brings air into the lungs expiration: forces air out of the lungs
66
quiet versus forced ventilation
quiet: rhythmic breathing at rest forced: vigorous breathing through exercise
67
volume changes result in
changes in pressure gradient between lungs and atmosphere
68
Boyles gas law
at a constant temperature, the pressure of gas decreased if volume increases vise versa
69
air pressure gradient exists when
pressure is greater in one place more than another
70
volume changes create
pressure changes and air flow down its pressure gradient inspiration: thoracic volume increases, pressure decrease, air goes in expiration: thoracic volume decreases, pressure increases, air comes out
71
Nervous control of breathing
the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary changes in breathing patterns - hypothalamus increases breathing if body is warm - limbic system laters breathing rate in response to emotions
72
airflow
amount of air moving in and out of the lungs Depends on: - pressure gradient established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure - resistance that occurs due to conditions within the airways
73
pressure gradient
the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and intrapulmonary pressure - if pressure gradient increases, air flow increases - if resistance increases air flow lessens
74
resistance
greater difficulty moving air May be caused by: - change in elasticity of the chest or walls - change in brochiole diameter - collapse of alveoli
75
compliance
ease of expansion in lungs and chest wall
76
tidal volume
amount of air per breath (500ml)
77
respiation rate
number of breaths per minute (12-20_
78
pulmonary ventilation
tidal volume x respiration rate
79
anatomic dead space
conducting zone space - no exchange of respiratory gases - about 150ml
80
alveolar ventilation
amount of air reaching alveolar per minute ( tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x respiration rate = alveolar ventilation - deep breathing maximizes it
81
spirometer
measures respiratory volume - used to assess respiratory health Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume all measured by spirometer
82
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can forcibly be inhaled beyond tidal volume
83
exspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can forcibly be exhaled beyond tidal volume
84
residual volume
amount of air left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
85
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
86
functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume - volume left in the lungs after quiet expiration
87
vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes - the total amount of air a person can exchange through forced breathing
88
total lung capacity
sum of all volumes including residual volume - maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold
89
partial pressure
pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases, measured in mmHg - each gas moves independently down its partial pressure gradient during gas exchange 760mmHg is normal atmospheric pressure
90
Daltons law
the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures
91
partial pressure gradients
when one gas in higher in one region than the other - gas moves from the higher region to the lower regions until pressure becomes equal
92
Henrys law
at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of gas in the air and solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid
93
solubility coefficient
volume of gas that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid at a given temperature and pressure
94
Alveolar gas exchange external respiration
Oxygen: Partial pressure in alveoli ia 104mmHg -PP of blood is 40 mmHg -oxygen diffuses across respiratory membrane from alveoli into the capillaries - continues till alveoli and blood pressure equal CO2: -alveoli is 40mHg and blood is 45mmHg - cardon dixoide diffuses from blood to alveoli - continues until equal
95
systemic gas exchange
Oxygen: - PP in systemic cells is 40mmHg; PP in systemic capillaries is 95mmHg - continues until blood is 40mmHg - stays constant CO2: - PP in systemic cells is 45mmHg; PP in systemic capillaries is 40mmHg - diffusion continues until blood is 45 mmHg
96
oxygen transport
Bloods ability to transport oxygen Depends on: - solubility coefficient of oxygen and presence of hemoglobin
97
CO2 transport
Co2 means of transport - Co2 dissolved in plasma - as Co2 attached to amine group of goblin portion of hemoglobin - as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma
98
Conversion of Co2 to HCo2 in systemic capillaries
Co2 diffuses into an erythrocyte - RBC Co2 is joined to H20 to form H2Co3. This is negatively charged it leaves erythrocytes. Cl- moves into the erythrocyte to equalize the charge.
99
Conversion of HC03 to Co2 at pulmonary capillaries
HC03 moves into erythrocyte as Cl- moves out HCo3 recombined with H+ to form H2Co3 which dissociates into Co2 and H20 Co2 diffuses out of the erythrocyte into the plasma and then Co2 moves into an alveolus
100
Hemoglobin as it transport molecule
-each can bind up to oxygen molecules -percent O2 saturation of the hemoglobin is crucial - saturation increases as Po2 increases Variables that influence oxygen release : - temperature (decreases) - H+ binding to hemoglobin (decrease) Co2 binding to hemoglobin (increase) presence of 2,3-BPG (increase) Increase in oxygen causes a right shift, decreases on left shift
101
Breathing and Exercise
while exercising, breathing shows hyperpnea - depth decreases what rate remains the same -Po2 and Pco2 constant - increased cellular respiration compnestated for by a deeper breathing, increased cardiac output and greater blood flow
102
respiratory center stimulated by
proprioceptive sensory signals in response to movement corollary motor output from the cerebral cortex relayed to the respiratory center conscious anticipation of exercise

Anatomy 212 (5 decks)

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