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Anatomy 212 > ANANTOMY EXAM 4 > Flashcards

ANANTOMY EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys

A

filter blood and remove waste products
- regulation of inorganic ion levels and maintaining acid-base balance
- production of the release of erythropoietin ( measures oxygen level of blood and secretes erythropoietin w low blood oxygen
- regulates blood pressure
- releases renin which catalyzes and changes blood pressure

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2
Q

Ureters

A

transport urine (kidneys to urinary bladder

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3
Q

Bladder

A

expandable muscular sac; can store up to 1L

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4
Q

Urethra

A

eliminates urine from body

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5
Q

kidney characteristics

A

-concave medial border called the hilum
- lateral border convex
- adrenal gland rests on superior aspect of kidney

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6
Q

Nephron

A

functional filtration unit of the kidney
- consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
- all corpusule and most of the tubules in cortex

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7
Q

Types of nephrons

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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8
Q

Nephron draining

A

Nephron drains into a collecting tubule
- each kidney has thousands (cuboidal shaped cells)
Then empties into collecting ducts
- tall columnar cells
Then into a papillary duct
( both collecting tubules and collecting ducts project toward renal papilla

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9
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

helps blood filtrate formation, systemic blood pressure
- primary components: granular cells and macula densa cells

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10
Q

Granular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
- located near the renal corpuscle
- contract when stimulated by sympathetic or stretch
- synthesize store and release renin

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11
Q

Macula densa

A

Modified epithelial cells in the wall of DCT
- located on the tubule side next to afferent arteriole
- detect changes in NaCl concentration of fluid in the lumen of DCT
- signal granular cells to release renin through paracrine stimulation

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12
Q

Blood flow through the kidney

A

20-25% of resting cardiac output
- the filtrate is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus
- some plasma enters capsular space
Two patterns:
The flow of blood in and out of the kidney
The flow of filtrate, tubular fluid, and urine through the nephron and other urinary structures

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13
Q

Filtrate

A

Blood flows through glomerulus
- both water and solutes filtered from blood plasma
- moves across wall of glomerular capillaries into capsular space
- these forms filtrate

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14
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

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15
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

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16
Q

Tubular secretion

A

movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

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17
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Blocks:
Endothelium: formed elements
basement membrane: large proteins
filtration slits of visceral layers: small proteins
Accepts:
water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some hormones, vitamin B and C, ketones, and a very small amount of protein

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18
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the glomerulus
- opposing pressures are blood osmotic pressure( oncotic) or fluid pressure in the capsular space
HP ( OP + HP) = NFP

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19
Q

Glomerular filtration pressure

A

The volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space
- helps kidney control urine production based on physiologic conditions
- influenced by changing the luminal diameter of the afferent arteriole
- influenced by altering the surface area of the filtration membrane
Insinitric- in kidney; extrinsic- outside kidney

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20
Q

Renal autoregulation

A

insintric ability to maintain constant glomerular blood pressure and thus GFR despite changes in systemic arterial pressure

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21
Q

myogenic response
Decreased

A

contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle of the afferent arterial wall
Decreased blood pressure:
- less stretch of smooth muscle in arteriole
- causes smooth muscle to relax; vessels dilate
- more blood into glomerulus
- compensates for lower systemic pressure
- GFR remains normal

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22
Q

myogenic response
Increased

A

Increased blood pressure:
- more stretch of smooth muscle in arteriole
- causes smooth muscle to contract; vessels constrict
- less blood into glomerulus
- compensates for greater systemic pressure
- GFR remains normal

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23
Q

Decreasing GFR through sympathetic stimulation

A

stimulus: stressor, sympathetic stimulation of kidneys, Granular cells of JG apparatus release renin, increase in angiotensin II production decreased filtration and blood flow- result: decrease in urine production, retain fluid and maintain blood volume

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24
Q

Increasing GFR through atrial natriuretic peptide

A

increase in blood volume or blood pressure, atrial wall stretches, an atrial natriuretic peptide released by heart, renin released from JG apparatus inhibited, decrease in angiotensin II production, increased filtration and increased blood flow into the glomerulus. Result: increased urine, loss of additional fluid, decreased in blood volume.

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25
nutrient reabsorption
some substances 100% reabsorbed. - two major classes: nutrients and filtered plasma proteins Nutrients are normally completely absorbed in PCT and they all have their own specific transport protein
26
Glucose reabsorption
glucose is transported up its concentration gradient by secondary active transport it then diffuses down its concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion
27
Transport of protein
most are not freely filtered due to size -some small and medium appear in filtrate - small amounts of large proteins too - transported in tubular fluid in PCT back into the blood - moved my pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis across the luminal membrane of an epithelial cell
28
sodium reabsorption
Na moves out K moves in embedded in basolateral membrane - regulated by hormones near end of tubule - aldosterone and atrial netriuretic peptide
29
aldosterone Sodium
produced by the adrenal cortex - increases Na + water absorption - water follows by osmosis
30
atrial natriuretic peptide Sodium
inhibits Na reabsorption in collecting ducts - inhibits the release of aldosterone - more water and Na in urine - increases GFR
31
water reabsorption
tubule permeability varies along its length 65% reabsorbed in PCT aquaporins constant number water follows Na osmosis, obligatory water reabsorption - 10% absorbed in the nephron loop - controlled by aldosterone and ADH
32
ADH water reabsorption
binds to principal cells - increases migration of vesicles to membranes - regulated near end of the tubule tubular reabsorption- facilitative water reabsorption - results in a smaller volume of more concentrated urine - elevated during dehydration ( darker color)
33
potassium movement
Reabsorption: 60-80% in PCT; 10-20% in nephron loop
34
Parathyroid hormone
regulates the excretion of Ca and PO - inhibits PO reabsorption in PCT - stimulates Ca reabsorption in DCT - less phosphate available - Ca deposition in done decreased - Ca in blood levels increased
35
substances with regulated reabsorption
Bicarbonates, hydrogen ions, and pH Ph of urine regulated in collecting tubes If blood is acidic: HCO3 is reabsorbed into blood, H excreted by A intercalated cells, increase blood pH, decreased urine pH If alkaline: B intercalated cells active, secrete HCO3, H reabsorbed, lower blood pH, increase in urine pH
36
Bicarbonate and hydrogen ion movement
Reabsorption: 80-90% in PCT; 10-20% in nephron loop; regulated HCO and H reabsorbed and secretion in collecting tubules
37
The urinary system prevents the accumulation of
metabolic waste( urea, uric acid, and creatinine hormones and metabolites foreign substances
38
Concentration gradient
present in interstitial fluid surrounding the nephron - progressively increase in concentration from cortex into medulla - exerts osmotic pull to move water into the interstitial fluid when ADH is present
39
Urea recycling
urea removed from tubular fluid in collecting duct by uniporters - diffuses back into tubular fluid in thin segment of ascending limb - remains within tubular fluid until it reaches collecting duct - urea cycled between collecting duct and nephron loop
40
proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption: from PCT to blood- 100% of nutrients, majority of water, PO reabsorption is invited by PTH Secretion: from Blood to PCT- some drugs and nitrogenous wastes
41
nephron loop and vasa recta
site of countercurrent multiplier and countercurrent exchange - continues reabsorption of water and ions begins in PCT - nephron loops and juxtamedullary nephrons establish interstitial fluid concentration gradient for reabsorption of water induced by ADH
42
distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and collecting duct
- Na reabsorption is regulated by aldosterone and ANP - water reabsorption regulated by aldosterone and ADH - the amount of K secreted into the tubular fluid is dependent on intercalated and principal cells - Ca reabsorption is increased by PTH - pH is regulated by intercalated cells
43
Renal plasma clearance
assessing kidney function - measures the volume of plasma cleared of the substance at a given time - If substance isn't reabsored or secreted; no change - if substance is reabsorbed; clearance lower than GFR - if substance filtered and secreted; clearance is higher than GFR
44
Urine
product of filtered processed blood plasma - sterile unless contaminated with microbes in the kidney or urinary tract - urinalysis is common and important diagnosis characteristics: composition, volume, pH, color, turbidity, and smell
45
ureters
conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder - retroperitoneal - originate from renal pelvis as it exists hilum of kidney - enter posterolateral wall in the base of bladder walls: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
46
Micturition
expulsion of urine from the bladder associated with storage reflex and micturition reflex regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic
47
storage reflex
sympathetic stimulation - causes relaxation of detrusor to accommodate urine - stimulates contraction of internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter - continuously stimulated by pudendal nerve to remain contracted
48
micturition reflex
volume of urine 200L - 300L visceral sensory neurons signaled by baroreceptors center increases nerve signals down spinal cord parasympathetic stimulation causes detrusor muscles to contract; internal urethral sphincter relaxes
49
conscious control of urine
initiated from cerebral cortex through reduced stimulation by pudendal nerve - causes relaxation of external urethral sphincter; facilitated by voluntary contraction of abdominal and expiratory muscles ( Valsalva maneuver) - can empty bladder prior to micturition reflex contract abdominal muscles and compress bladder; initiates micturition by stimulation of stretch receptors
50
Intracellular fluid
fluid within our cells, two-thirds of total body fluid, and is enclosed by a plasma membrane - allows passage of some but not all substances through it.
51
Extracellular fluid
fluid outside our cells, includes interstitial fluid and blood plasma
52
blood plasma
extracellular fluid within blood vessels - separated from the interstitial fluid by capillary vessel - more permeable than plasma membrane - similar to interstitial fluid in composition
53
Chloride ion
Associated with Na - follows Na by electrostatic interactions; regulated by the same mechanisms - amount lost in urine depends on blood plasma Na Most abundant anion in ECF Found in the lumen of the stomach as HCI Participate in Chloride shift within erythrocytes Obtained in diet from table salt and processed foods Lost in sweat, stomach secretions and urine
54
Calcium
Most abundant electrolyte in bone and teeth - 99% stored there, moved by pumps out of cell into sarcoplasmic reticulum; prevents binding phosphate Needed for muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release Participates in blood clotting Obatins from dairy sardines and green leafs Lost in urine, feces, and sweat
55
Phosphate ion
most abudant anion in ICF 85% stored in bone and teeth Component of DNA, RNA, and phospholipids intracellular and urine buffer most ionized in blood plasma, rest bind to proteins Regulated by many of same Ca mechanisms
56
Renin-angiotensin mechanisms
Low blood pressure JG apparatus responds to stimuli JG apparatus releases renin into blood Vasoconstriction, increased peripheral and blood pressure; decreased GFR and urine; activation of thirst center/ increases fluid intake; release of aldosterone Blood pressure increases
57
Actions and effects of antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin II, sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors detects low pressure Thirst center activated; increased water reabsorptions, vasoconstriction; increases peripheral resistance and blood pressure Blood pressure increases
58
Action and effects of aldosterone
Angiotensin II, decreased Na and K blood plasma levels show decreased BP Adrenal cortex responds Aldosterone released into the blood Increased K secretion and Na/ water reabsorption Na maintained; K decreases; Blood volume and pressure maintained
59
Action and effects of ANP
Increased stretch of baroreceptors in atria Atria releases ANP in blood Vasodailtion: decreases peripheral resistance and BP; Increase GFR filtrate; increases loss of Na and water in urine: decreases release of renin
60
pH
Normal is 7.35-7.45 - critical to body functions - inversely related to H concentration - adding acid increases H, base reduces it
61
Abnormal increase in respiratory rate
causes elevated levels of CO2 to be expired decreases blood CO2 levels blood H decreases; pH increases
62
Abnormal decrease of the respiratory rate
increases amount of CO2 retained, elevating blood CO2 blood H concentration increases; blood pH decreases
63
acid/base disturbance/ imbalance
persistent pH change; life-threatening for any extended period of time 4 categories: - respiratory acidosis - respiratory alkalosis - metabolic acidosis - metabolic alkalosis
64
Respiratory acidosis
most common acid-base disturbance - due to impaired elimination of CO2 by the respiratory - Pco2 in arterial blood is above 45 mmHg - accumulation of CO2 and subsequent increase in H concentration Possible causes: - injury to the respiratory center - disorders of muscles or nerves - airway obstruction - decreased gas exchange
65
Respiratory alkalosis
due to an increase in respiration; decrease of CO2 and lower H concentration Possible causes: - severe anxiety - the individual is not receiving enough oxygen
66
metabolic acidosis
may occur from loss of HCO3 or gain of H (more common) Occurs when HCO3 levels drop below 22 Possible causes: - increased production of metabolic acids - decreased acid elimination -increased elimination of HCO3(diarrhea)
67
metabolic alkalosis
arterial blood levels of HCO3 above 26 - from loss or H or increase of HCO3 Causes: -vomiting - large amounts of antacids - increased loss of acids by kidneys with diuretic overuse
68
Renal compensation Elevated H
Type A intercalated cells - excrete H and reabsorb HCO3 - occurs in a greater deal than normal - blood levels of HCO3 are high Urine pH lower than normal - urine levels of H in high compensation
69
Renal compensation Decreased H
Type B intercalated cells - reabsorb H and excrete HCO3 - occurs in greater degree than normal - blood levels of HCO3 low - urine pH higher than normal
70
Respiratory compnesation
attempts to compensate for metabolic imbalances Respiratory increases with H increase ( higher Co2 expired, lower blood Pco2) Respiratory rate decreases with H decrease ( lower Co2 expired, higher blood Co2) - development of hypoxia Less effective than renal compensation

Anatomy 212 (5 decks)

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