Anatomy Exam 1

Question 1

Blood moves

Answer 1

gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

Question 2

Blood components

Answer 2

Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Plasma: fluid portion of blood containing mostly water, proteins, and dissolved solutes
- blood is a colloid

Question 3

Functions of blood

Answer 3

transportation of formed elements and dissolved solutes, protection against pathogens, Regulates body temperature, pH, and fluid balance

Question 4

Physical characteristics of blood

Answer 4

Blood color depends on oxidation: bright red if oxygenated, dark red if low oxygen
Volume: 5L
Viscosity: 4-5 times thicker than water
Temp: blood is 1c higher
Blood pH: slightly alkaline

Question 5

Plasma proteins exert

Answer 5

colloid osmotic pressure: prevent loss of fluid from blood as it moves through capillaries
- can be decreased with diseases

Question 6

Albumins

Answer 6

most abundant plasma protein
- exerts greatest colloid osmotic pressure
- transport protein for some lipids, hormones and ions

Question 7

Globulins

Answer 7

The second largest group of plasma proteins
small alpha and larger beta
Gamma-globins are apart of bodies defenses

Question 8

Fibrinogen

Answer 8

contributes to blood clot formations
- serum is a plasma with clotting proteins removed

Question 9

Regulatory proteins

Answer 9

includes enzymes and hormones
less than 1% plasma proteins

Question 10

Hematopoiesis

Answer 10

production of formed elements
- occurs in red bone merrow

Question 11

Hemocytoblasts are

Answer 11

stem cells

Question 12

Myeloid lines form

Answer 12

erythrocytes, all leukocytes besides lymphocytes and megakaryocytes

Question 13

Lymphoid line

Answer 13

only forms lymphocytes

Question 14

Erythrocytes

Answer 14

red blood cells; lack a nucleus and cellular organs
- can stack and line up forming rouleau
- transports oxygen and Co2 between tissues and lungs

Question 15

Hemoglobin

Answer 15

-red-pigmented protein
Transport o2 and Co2
- each composed of 4 globins; 2 alpha and 2 beta globins; oxygen binds to iron ions so 4 o2 can bind and Co2 binds to globin protein

Question 16

How EPO regulates erythrocyte production

Answer 16

Decreased blood o2
Kidney releases EPO
EPO stimulates the bone marrow to increase erythrocytes
Lungs oxygenate erythrocytes increases o2 blood levels

Question 17

Erythrocyte recycling

Answer 17

Erythrocyte form in red bone marrow
circulate for 120 days
then phagocytized by macrophages in liver and spleen. and components of hemoglobin separate
Globin breaks down my amino acids and moves into blood, iron stored in the liver or secreted, Heme moves into large intestine as stercobilin

Question 18

Rh blood type

Answer 18

determines if blood is positive or negative; antigen D; positive if present

Question 19

Agglutination

Answer 19

If blood from another type enters blod, agglutinated erythrocytes block small vessels

Question 20

Leukocytes

Answer 20

defend against pathogens
no hemoglobin but has a nucleus and organelles
diapedesis: squeezing through blood vessels
chemotaxis: attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at the infected site
Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 21

Leukocytes Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Answer 21

neutrophils: Phagocytize pathogens (most abudant)
eosinophils: Phagocitize alleregens
basophils: release histamine and herparin (least abudant)
lymphocytes: immune cell activity
monocytes: become macrophages

Question 22

Platelets

Answer 22

thrombocytes
- important role in blood clotting

Question 23

Hemostasis

Answer 23

stoppage of bleeding
- vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulase phase

Question 24

Vascular spasm

Answer 24

blood vessel contriction

Question 25

Platelet plug formation

Answer 25

Platelets stick to collagen wih help of von Willebrand factor and close off injury

Question 26

enzymes involved in platelet plug formation

Answer 26

serotonin and thromboxane- vascular spasms
ADP and thromboxane- attract platelets
Procoagulants- stimulate coagulation

Question 27

Coagulase

Answer 27

blood clotting
- clotting requires platelets, calcium, vitamin K

Question 28

Elimination of clot

Answer 28

clot retraction: actin myosin squeezes out serum making the clot smaller
fibrinolysis: degradation of fibrin by plasmin

Question 29

Large vesicular follicle

Answer 29

contains a secondary oocyte; one formed per month

Question 30

Corpus luteum

Answer 30

forms from remnant of follicle
secretes progesterone ad estrogen

Question 31

Oogenesis

Answer 31

Hypothalamic release of GnRH
- this stimulates follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 32

Ovarian cycle

Answer 32

Follicular: rise of FSH and LH
Ovulation: releases secondary ooctye occurs of day 14; peak of LH
Luteal:

Question 33

Uterine cycle

Answer 33

Menstrual phase: sloughing of the functional layer
Proliferative phase: a new functional layer of endometrium
Secretory phase: increased progesterone secretion and vascularization, and uterine development

Question 34

Mammary glands

Answer 34

Prolactin: responsible for milk production; produced in the anterior pituitary
Oxytocin: produced by hypothalamus and release by posterior pituitary; milk ejection

Question 35

male primary reproductive organ

Answer 35

testis

Question 36

Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis

Answer 36

GnHR secreted by the hypothalamus secrete FSH and LH
LH stimulates the production of testosterone
FSH and ABP keep testosterone levels high
Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibits GnRH
Rising sperm count secrete inhibin which further inhibits FSH
Testerone stimulates libido and the development of secondary characteristics

Question 37

Seminal fluid

Answer 37

Alkaline secretion that neutralizes vaginal acidity
Gives sperm nutrients produced by: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Question 38

Semen

Answer 38

Formed from seminal fluid and sperm
called ejaculate; takes two weeks to develop from seminiferous tubules

Question 39

Puberty

Answer 39

reproductive organs become fully functional
- breast and penis enlargement, pubic hair
timing affected by genetics, health, and environment

Question 40

Puberty initiation

Answer 40

Hypothalamus secrete GnRH
anterior pituitary release FSH and LH
- stimulate sex hormones

Question 41

Signs of Puberty

Answer 41

Pubic and axillary hair
Menarch(period)
breast and penis growth
- girls 2 years before boys

Question 42

Precocious puberty

Answer 42

puberty develops much earlier than normal

Question 43

Menopause

Answer 43

45-55
- hot flashes, hair thinning, vaginal wall thins
Treated with hormone replacement therapy

Question 44

Fertilization

Answer 44

Two gametes form diploid cell
determines the sex of the baby
occurs in the ampulla; oocyte viable 24 hrs after ovulation; sperm viable for 3-4 days

Question 45

Zona pellucida penetration

Answer 45

acrosome reaction: release of digestive enzymes and allows sperm to penetrate zona pellucida

Question 46

Labor

Answer 46

Expulsion of fetus and placenta from the uterus
38 weeks
- not all uterine contractions lead to true labor
- increased levels of estrogen
- contractions start irregularly and then become more intense and frequent( increasing estrogen n oxytocin)

Question 47

Premature labor

Answer 47

prior to 38 weeks
- undesirble becuase fetus body not fully developed

Question 48

True labor

Answer 48

increase in intensity and regularity
combined maternal and fetus oxytocin production induces true labor
- both stimulate the placenta to release prostaglandin

Question 49

Initiation of true labor

Answer 49

intense contrations push fetuses head to cervix
- stretches and dilates till dilated enough
More oxytocin and prostaglandins release
After baby expulsion most prostaglandins are removed, oxytocin levels drop and cervix no longer stretched