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Anatomy 212 > Anatomy Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood moves

A

gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

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2
Q

Blood components

A

Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Plasma: fluid portion of blood containing mostly water, proteins, and dissolved solutes
- blood is a colloid

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3
Q

Functions of blood

A

transportation of formed elements and dissolved solutes, protection against pathogens, Regulates body temperature, pH, and fluid balance

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4
Q

Physical characteristics of blood

A

Blood color depends on oxidation: bright red if oxygenated, dark red if low oxygen
Volume: 5L
Viscosity: 4-5 times thicker than water
Temp: blood is 1c higher
Blood pH: slightly alkaline

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5
Q

Plasma proteins exert

A

colloid osmotic pressure: prevent loss of fluid from blood as it moves through capillaries
- can be decreased with diseases

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6
Q

Albumins

A

most abundant plasma protein
- exerts greatest colloid osmotic pressure
- transport protein for some lipids, hormones and ions

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7
Q

Globulins

A

The second largest group of plasma proteins
small alpha and larger beta
Gamma-globins are apart of bodies defenses

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8
Q

Fibrinogen

A

contributes to blood clot formations
- serum is a plasma with clotting proteins removed

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9
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

includes enzymes and hormones
less than 1% plasma proteins

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10
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

production of formed elements
- occurs in red bone merrow

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11
Q

Hemocytoblasts are

A

stem cells

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12
Q

Myeloid lines form

A

erythrocytes, all leukocytes besides lymphocytes and megakaryocytes

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13
Q

Lymphoid line

A

only forms lymphocytes

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14
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells; lack a nucleus and cellular organs
- can stack and line up forming rouleau
- transports oxygen and Co2 between tissues and lungs

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-red-pigmented protein
Transport o2 and Co2
- each composed of 4 globins; 2 alpha and 2 beta globins; oxygen binds to iron ions so 4 o2 can bind and Co2 binds to globin protein

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16
Q

How EPO regulates erythrocyte production

A

Decreased blood o2
Kidney releases EPO
EPO stimulates the bone marrow to increase erythrocytes
Lungs oxygenate erythrocytes increases o2 blood levels

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17
Q

Erythrocyte recycling

A

Erythrocyte form in red bone marrow
circulate for 120 days
then phagocytized by macrophages in liver and spleen. and components of hemoglobin separate
Globin breaks down my amino acids and moves into blood, iron stored in the liver or secreted, Heme moves into large intestine as stercobilin

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18
Q

Rh blood type

A

determines if blood is positive or negative; antigen D; positive if present

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19
Q

Agglutination

A

If blood from another type enters blod, agglutinated erythrocytes block small vessels

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20
Q

Leukocytes

A

defend against pathogens
no hemoglobin but has a nucleus and organelles
diapedesis: squeezing through blood vessels
chemotaxis: attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at the infected site
Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

21
Q

Leukocytes Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

A

neutrophils: Phagocytize pathogens (most abudant)
eosinophils: Phagocitize alleregens
basophils: release histamine and herparin (least abudant)
lymphocytes: immune cell activity
monocytes: become macrophages

22
Q

Platelets

A

thrombocytes
- important role in blood clotting

23
Q

Hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding
- vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulase phase

24
Q

Vascular spasm

A

blood vessel contriction

25
Platelet plug formation
Platelets stick to collagen wih help of von Willebrand factor and close off injury
26
enzymes involved in platelet plug formation
serotonin and thromboxane- vascular spasms ADP and thromboxane- attract platelets Procoagulants- stimulate coagulation
27
Coagulase
blood clotting - clotting requires platelets, calcium, vitamin K
28
Elimination of clot
clot retraction: actin myosin squeezes out serum making the clot smaller fibrinolysis: degradation of fibrin by plasmin
29
Large vesicular follicle
contains a secondary oocyte; one formed per month
30
Corpus luteum
forms from remnant of follicle secretes progesterone ad estrogen
31
Oogenesis
Hypothalamic release of GnRH - this stimulates follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
32
Ovarian cycle
Follicular: rise of FSH and LH Ovulation: releases secondary ooctye occurs of day 14; peak of LH Luteal:
33
Uterine cycle
Menstrual phase: sloughing of the functional layer Proliferative phase: a new functional layer of endometrium Secretory phase: increased progesterone secretion and vascularization, and uterine development
34
Mammary glands
Prolactin: responsible for milk production; produced in the anterior pituitary Oxytocin: produced by hypothalamus and release by posterior pituitary; milk ejection
35
male primary reproductive organ
testis
36
Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis
GnHR secreted by the hypothalamus secrete FSH and LH LH stimulates the production of testosterone FSH and ABP keep testosterone levels high Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibits GnRH Rising sperm count secrete inhibin which further inhibits FSH Testerone stimulates libido and the development of secondary characteristics
37
Seminal fluid
Alkaline secretion that neutralizes vaginal acidity Gives sperm nutrients produced by: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
38
Semen
Formed from seminal fluid and sperm called ejaculate; takes two weeks to develop from seminiferous tubules
39
Puberty
reproductive organs become fully functional - breast and penis enlargement, pubic hair timing affected by genetics, health, and environment
40
Puberty initiation
Hypothalamus secrete GnRH anterior pituitary release FSH and LH - stimulate sex hormones
41
Signs of Puberty
Pubic and axillary hair Menarch(period) breast and penis growth - girls 2 years before boys
42
Precocious puberty
puberty develops much earlier than normal
43
Menopause
45-55 - hot flashes, hair thinning, vaginal wall thins Treated with hormone replacement therapy
44
Fertilization
Two gametes form diploid cell determines the sex of the baby occurs in the ampulla; oocyte viable 24 hrs after ovulation; sperm viable for 3-4 days
45
Zona pellucida penetration
acrosome reaction: release of digestive enzymes and allows sperm to penetrate zona pellucida
46
Labor
Expulsion of fetus and placenta from the uterus 38 weeks - not all uterine contractions lead to true labor - increased levels of estrogen - contractions start irregularly and then become more intense and frequent( increasing estrogen n oxytocin)
47
Premature labor
prior to 38 weeks - undesirble becuase fetus body not fully developed
48
True labor
increase in intensity and regularity combined maternal and fetus oxytocin production induces true labor - both stimulate the placenta to release prostaglandin
49
Initiation of true labor
intense contrations push fetuses head to cervix - stretches and dilates till dilated enough More oxytocin and prostaglandins release After baby expulsion most prostaglandins are removed, oxytocin levels drop and cervix no longer stretched

Anatomy 212 (5 decks)

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